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1
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The story of humans
and milk began over 8,000 years ago.

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Back then, the earliest farmers discovered

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00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:03,600
that they too could drink the milk

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00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:05,800
that the calves were suckling
from the cows

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in order to survive hard times.

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Since then, milk,
the white elixir of life,

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00:01:15,480 --> 00:01:18,120
has featured in myths
and religious writings.

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When I was herding cows as a child
in the mountains,

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I never asked myself
why they produce milk.

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It was as self-evident
as the apples hanging from the trees

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or the water flowing down
mountain streams.

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And all the gestures involved
in dealing with cows,

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such as the way to call to them,

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seemed to have remained unchanged
for centuries.

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In recent decades, however,

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the relationship between humans,
animals, and milk, has changed radically.

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00:02:28,120 --> 00:02:31,640
In Europe alone, it's a market
worth 100 billion euros

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00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:35,760
that produces the almost
200 million tonnes of milk

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00:02:35,880 --> 00:02:39,560
that are sold by multinational
conglomerates annually.

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00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:49,520
When 1.3 billion Chinese
were given a taste for milk

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the market simply exploded.

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As milk has become
a much-desired commodity,

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the milk trade is now extremely fierce.

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00:03:02,320 --> 00:03:06,120
I wanted to hear from industrialists,
farmers, and scientists,

25
00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:09,840
about what the effect of
this production development has been

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on animals, the environment, our politics,

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and last but not least, on all of us.

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Peder Mouritsen is not a farmer.

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He and his son work as entrepreneurs.

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Six farms, 750 cows, and 12 employees.

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Check up on that. Let's do that.

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Can you bring one more?

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Frederiksen is on his way.

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That's good. Okay.

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We're constantly optimizing.
I'm thinking about it all the time.

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It's nice to be here.

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No sleep aid for me. I sleep so well.

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But... they say you have stress

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00:04:47,400 --> 00:04:49,880
if you wake up
and you're thinking about work.

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00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:53,200
Then I've had a lot of stress.
I just never really worried about it.

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00:05:04,120 --> 00:05:06,360
My job is to
check, check, check everything.

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00:05:07,640 --> 00:05:10,360
To make sure that they do
what they have to.

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00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:19,200
I am almost like a shadow,
just lurking around.

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Our existence relies on

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producing milk as cheap as possible

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and with the highest quality possible.

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00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:43,480
There's a lot of pressure on the price.

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We need to...

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00:05:46,400 --> 00:05:49,640
produce more at a higher quality,
so we can get the price we want.

50
00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:51,600
That's what it's about.

51
00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:08,920
When we took over the family farm,

52
00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:11,240
we were the 18th generation to do so,

53
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we had 100...

54
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140 cows.

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Then we expanded so we had 300.

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We doubled up.

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That was in 2002.

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I could not have imagined
that we today would have 750.

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Not at all.

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00:06:36,800 --> 00:06:39,040
It happened because--

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It happened because we wanted it.

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But... we wanted it because of the money.

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As it is...

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00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:53,240
we will have managed
to get through the crisis we are in now,

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until the economy starts flowing again.

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We will be ready
when the price of milk goes up.

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Then it's time to make money.

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Peder delivers
his milk to the dairy concern Arla.

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00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:24,600
Dairies are the most important interface
between producers and consumers.

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00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:26,840
and are considered
the most powerful players

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00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:28,320
on the milk market.

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We need to wear goggles

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00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:36,760
in this area here.

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It comes directly from the farm

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00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:43,120
and is weighed in.

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00:07:43,880 --> 00:07:47,840
1.1 million liters,
four different types of milk

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And then we start here.

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00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:06,880
We test for penicillin.

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00:08:07,680 --> 00:08:12,320
We note down which truck
delivered the milk.

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00:08:12,880 --> 00:08:15,840
We also write down
if the taste was good enough

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00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:18,920
then it's graded G1.
If it's G3, it's considered waste.

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00:08:27,840 --> 00:08:31,000
Sterilized, homogenized, pasteurized.

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00:08:31,080 --> 00:08:37,360
Now the milk is quickly pumped
to the filling line.

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00:09:06,560 --> 00:09:09,280
Arla has
grown rapidly in that last decade.

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00:09:09,520 --> 00:09:12,160
It has incorporated countless competitors.

86
00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:16,960
This puts it in the top five of
the largest dairy companies in the world.

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00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:22,240
When I started as a very young marketer,
27 years old,

88
00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:26,400
in 1987 in Denmark,

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00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:33,240
there were 37,000 farmers producing
a five and a half billion liters of milk.

90
00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:38,240
Today we have 3,500 farmers
producing almost the same amount.

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00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:41,120
So there has been a huge structural
development on the farming side.

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00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:44,600
And that's also needed in order
to be able to compete

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00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:47,000
with farmers throughout the world.

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00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:51,680
The market has globalized
and we today have prices that are

95
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so much linked together.

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00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:57,000
Whatever happens in Berlin

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00:09:57,440 --> 00:10:00,960
may come price-wise from
a trend in China or vice versa.

98
00:10:05,440 --> 00:10:08,160
As a company, as an FMCG company,

99
00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:10,440
as a food company, as a dairy company,

100
00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:14,160
you have to have the force
and the power

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00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:16,360
to reach further and further away

102
00:10:16,720 --> 00:10:20,040
from your home, finding new consumers,

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00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:24,840
having the financial power to engage
in new technology, in new innovation.

104
00:10:25,040 --> 00:10:29,440
So the growth in itself actually gives us
a lot of opportunity

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00:10:30,160 --> 00:10:32,440
to grasp the opportunities
around the world

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that we would not have

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00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:37,800
were we a much smaller company,
as we were 10 years ago.

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00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:50,680
The first one?

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00:10:51,320 --> 00:10:53,920
In the southern tip of Germany
lives the Geiger family.

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I'll look where these two are.

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Four generations under one roof.

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Like most European farmers,
theirs is a family business.

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00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:03,600
They have 250 cows,

114
00:11:03,680 --> 00:11:06,800
but are being forced to economize
more and more.

115
00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:17,600
When I came to the farm in 1978,

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there were 35 cows.

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Today, 35 cows is nothing.

118
00:11:22,560 --> 00:11:24,560
Okay, dig in.

119
00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:27,200
Unfortunately, no fried onions

120
00:11:27,400 --> 00:11:28,320
No onions.

121
00:11:28,440 --> 00:11:31,920
It's a bit of a family thing,
it's in the blood.

122
00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:38,720
My husband is a man
who is able to work a lot.

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00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:43,400
And the business mindset stems from him.

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From his ancestors.

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00:11:46,120 --> 00:11:48,760
His grandfather
always had the biggest farm

126
00:11:48,880 --> 00:11:50,880
with the most cows.

127
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It seems that is hereditary.

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We managed. But we came to a point
where we said, "We need to stop."

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We didn't want to be pushed anymore.

130
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You're obligated to deliver all your milk
to one dairy.

131
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You only find out afterwards
how much you'll get paid.

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And if the milk price drops,
it's tough luck.

133
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You have no power, no influence.

134
00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:35,400
Back in the day,
our cattle were put out to pasture.

135
00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:38,080
But when you have so many,
that's difficult,

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00:12:38,320 --> 00:12:40,920
herding so many cows out to the pastures,

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some of which are far away.

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Taking them out there and back every day
is lots of work.

139
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Also the paths are dirty
and we'd have to clean them all.

140
00:12:50,560 --> 00:12:54,400
That's ultimately why we stopped
pasture feeding.

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00:12:54,480 --> 00:12:57,000
Back when we had just 100 cows,
they were outside.

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For the cows,
pasture is definitely better,

143
00:12:59,920 --> 00:13:02,120
we don't even need to argue about that.

144
00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:12,000
This is Discovery.

145
00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:15,080
We call him the poop robot.

146
00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:18,960
It pushes the cows' poop down the drain.

147
00:13:19,040 --> 00:13:21,960
A manure sewer is underneath.

148
00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:25,840
It's a clean solution,
so the cows always stand on clean ground.

149
00:13:26,520 --> 00:13:29,040
They don't have to stand in the muck.

150
00:13:29,360 --> 00:13:31,800
That's important for the health
of their hooves.

151
00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:38,040
The Geiger's
don't have one single employee.

152
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:41,040
But they do have
the most modern technology.

153
00:13:46,040 --> 00:13:49,440
According to Martin, they couldn't
run the farm as a family business

154
00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:51,320
without the milking robot.

155
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Using a little to achieve a lot,

156
00:14:00,440 --> 00:14:01,400
that's my goal.

157
00:14:01,840 --> 00:14:04,760
But politics is making it
harder and harder.

158
00:14:04,840 --> 00:14:06,200
It's no longer possible.

159
00:14:06,320 --> 00:14:09,240
Maybe it is wishful thinking,
I don't know...

160
00:14:09,960 --> 00:14:12,600
wanting to achieve more with less.

161
00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:19,000
Today, you need to go higher and higher,
always deliver more.

162
00:14:19,080 --> 00:14:25,040
There are consultants who tell you
which fodder to feed the cows

163
00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:28,400
so you can always achieve maximum yield,

164
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:30,720
more growth...

165
00:14:37,960 --> 00:14:42,520
We're reaching our limits
as a family operation.

166
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:46,160
We don't earn as much anymore.

167
00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:51,480
We're only working for the big companies,
the feed and food industry.

168
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And we fall by the wayside.

169
00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:10,280
Right now,
the base price we get is 27 cents.

170
00:15:12,520 --> 00:15:15,520
In order to cover all cost
of our milk production,

171
00:15:15,640 --> 00:15:18,800
we'd need at least 40 cents or higher.

172
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And that makes me angry.

173
00:15:22,360 --> 00:15:28,480
Yeah. That makes me question
whether the system is working right.

174
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Dairies have traditionally
been organized as cooperatives

175
00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:38,760
but little remains of
their regional social intentions.

176
00:15:43,640 --> 00:15:46,960
Another global player in the milk sector
is FrieslandCampina,

177
00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:48,600
which is based in Holland.

178
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:55,640
It's a bit like Darwin, huh?

179
00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:58,480
If you don't keep renewing yourself,
you basically die.

180
00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:00,840
So we need to keep renewing.
We need growth.

181
00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:02,640
We need to grow in order to...

182
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:05,920
to keep innovating
to be able to keep investing.

183
00:16:06,240 --> 00:16:09,240
And I think that's also important
for the health of our company.

184
00:16:09,680 --> 00:16:12,880
As soon as we stop growing,
I think we have a big problem.

185
00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:18,480
We always say that we are
from grass to glass.

186
00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:20,200
So we have the cows,

187
00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:23,480
we have the production, and we have
the sales and the products.

188
00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:30,040
The best way to compare our company
is almost with a refinery.

189
00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:34,160
There's a huge, huge array of products
that we make with our milk.

190
00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:43,240
These are all the products that are coming
out of one stream of milk that goes in

191
00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:46,320
and all these products magically come out.

192
00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:54,800
One of our, uh...

193
00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,720
fastest-growing categories,
infant formula.

194
00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:01,360
We have the Friso brand
that we sell all over the world

195
00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:03,640
but predominantly
southeast Asia and China.

196
00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:09,520
Another highlight is a product
that we recently launched in Hong Kong.

197
00:17:09,599 --> 00:17:11,400
It's Optimel adult nutrition.

198
00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:13,200
This is a product for seniors.

199
00:17:13,440 --> 00:17:17,599
We have three types: for 40+, 50+ and 60+.

200
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:21,240
And basically, when you're getting older
you're losing your muscles,

201
00:17:21,319 --> 00:17:22,839
you're losing your mobility.

202
00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:27,720
And we have a specific formulation
for senior people.

203
00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:32,080
And this is a big trend
that we also see across the world.

204
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:34,800
Now for people who have less money,

205
00:17:35,120 --> 00:17:38,800
we also have a product
that we sell in West Africa

206
00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:40,480
that basically

207
00:17:41,120 --> 00:17:44,360
lowers the price point,
gives them one consumption.

208
00:17:44,560 --> 00:17:48,400
They can buy four in a row
but they can also...

209
00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:50,520
buy one piece apart.

210
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:51,920
And by doing that

211
00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:56,960
the trade is also happy
because they can serve more customers.

212
00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:19,320
Is there really no alternative
to always bigger and more global?

213
00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:23,240
In South Tyrol, I meet Alexander Agethle

214
00:18:23,320 --> 00:18:25,480
on his small, organic dairy farm.

215
00:18:26,240 --> 00:18:29,360
It wasn't far from here
that I herded cows as a child.

216
00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:30,880
Emma, hup!

217
00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:33,040
Hup! Hey.

218
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:34,480
Go, go.

219
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:35,840
Hup!

220
00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:38,400
Hey. Go, go.

221
00:18:42,840 --> 00:18:44,560
Recently a woman said to me,

222
00:18:45,760 --> 00:18:49,640
"You know, Alexander,
the cows walk as quickly as their farmer."

223
00:18:50,120 --> 00:18:52,440
Then I said,
"Well, I guess I'm a leisurely guy."

224
00:18:53,920 --> 00:18:59,280
How you treat the animals shows.

225
00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:01,280
They like walking.

226
00:19:01,360 --> 00:19:04,840
They go slowly because
they were on the pasture all summer.

227
00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:09,200
And because of that
they aren't as quick.

228
00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:25,000
It is quite interesting to note

229
00:19:26,120 --> 00:19:29,920
that the average age
of the cattle has risen tremendously.

230
00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:38,640
They don't have to produce as much milk
and hence aren't pushed to their limit.

231
00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:41,440
So they have the resources
to become older.

232
00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:52,880
If I had a chair
I could stay here all day.

233
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:55,840
For me, watching a cow graze...

234
00:19:56,680 --> 00:19:57,800
it's just soothing.

235
00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:12,640
The job of a farmer is so varied.
That's what drew me to it.

236
00:20:19,640 --> 00:20:24,240
It is much more than just a job,
it's a way of life.

237
00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:26,600
At least that's how I interpret it.

238
00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:41,160
It was clear to me
that I wanted to pursue organic farming.

239
00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:45,040
To me, organic farming
is the most economic way of farming.

240
00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:49,600
So it was also clearly
an economic decision.

241
00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:52,680
It quickly became clear

242
00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:57,480
it wouldn't remain a big factory farm.

243
00:20:58,040 --> 00:21:02,880
We decided that we wanted
to process our milk ourselves.

244
00:21:08,080 --> 00:21:10,440
- Hello! Good morning!
- Hi!

245
00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:41,160
To me it became clear right away

246
00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:44,560
that we needed to aim for quality.

247
00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:46,920
That's why we make cheese
from our raw milk,

248
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:48,680
develop our own recipes,

249
00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:50,560
so we can achieve a high quality.

250
00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:11,840
We are lucky to have so many skills
within our family,

251
00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:18,640
there's communication, organization,
and production skills.

252
00:22:19,320 --> 00:22:20,520
We are really lucky.

253
00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:26,880
Of course, farmer-to-consumer marketing

254
00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:32,240
has its limitations
as not everyone can come here.

255
00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:37,520
But nowadays there are many different
distribution options.

256
00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:40,000
But I do have to say

257
00:22:40,120 --> 00:22:43,040
I am not interested in selling my cheese

258
00:22:43,160 --> 00:22:46,000
beyond a range of 200 kilometers.

259
00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:49,080
It makes no sense ecologically.

260
00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:06,040
The most central
and yet weakest link

261
00:23:06,120 --> 00:23:08,800
in the intensive milk production chain
are the cows.

262
00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:13,160
They are permanently being optimized
through breeding.

263
00:23:20,680 --> 00:23:23,000
The high-producing cows
of the Friesian breed

264
00:23:23,080 --> 00:23:24,800
don't have much in common anymore

265
00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:27,760
with the animals I drove out
onto the meadows.

266
00:23:28,720 --> 00:23:31,360
These animals are task optimized,

267
00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:34,720
meaning they were bred specifically
for milk production.

268
00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:10,960
It's rare to have a day
without insemination.

269
00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:14,600
Maybe one day without,
but most days we inseminate.

270
00:24:15,640 --> 00:24:20,040
Pregnancy is the most important part
of keeping cattle or cows.

271
00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:22,920
A cow can't be empty too long
or otherwise she'll get fat.

272
00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,840
That would result in her
not be giving milk.

273
00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:32,400
A cow should have one calf per year.

274
00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:38,680
If she can't get pregnant anymore,
unfortunately, she'll have to go.

275
00:24:39,880 --> 00:24:41,360
That's the way it is.

276
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:54,440
Somehow
I failed to realize that the milk we drink

277
00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:57,000
is that of permanently pregnant cows.

278
00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:00,120
Because without a calf,
there's no milk.

279
00:25:00,360 --> 00:25:02,560
And without milk,
there's no right to exist.

280
00:25:07,280 --> 00:25:10,320
Cows could easily live to the age of 20,

281
00:25:10,560 --> 00:25:13,360
but the average lifespan
of a high-producing animal

282
00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:15,120
doesn't even top five.

283
00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:18,520
And it's only the females
that are allowed to survive in any case.

284
00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:29,840
Come here, hey.

285
00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:33,840
Come with me, come.

286
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:44,920
Come on, go.

287
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:48,840
A cattle trader will come
and pick them up.

288
00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:51,960
He'll sort them by weight and breed.

289
00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:56,880
And then he'll sell them
to fattening farms.

290
00:25:57,640 --> 00:26:01,240
I only sell bulls.
Female offspring remain on our farm.

291
00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:04,600
I need them to add as stock replacement.

292
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:09,360
Bulls are more of a burden.
They require lots of work.

293
00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:12,960
They're worth around €70 per calf.

294
00:26:13,240 --> 00:26:16,360
We used to get lower prices, €50.

295
00:26:17,240 --> 00:26:23,680
It's not profitable.
But we have them and have to do it.

296
00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:26,520
We can't just kill them.

297
00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:30,040
Our animals are just numbers.

298
00:27:33,920 --> 00:27:36,360
They calve after two years.

299
00:27:36,440 --> 00:27:40,400
But we decided four ago

300
00:27:40,680 --> 00:27:46,240
what sperm to use
and how to cross breed them.

301
00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:49,240
It was actually four years
that we decided...

302
00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:51,960
at least four...

303
00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:54,880
how that one is supposed to look today.

304
00:27:55,240 --> 00:27:57,720
And it is a bit funny to see

305
00:27:57,800 --> 00:27:59,720
if it turns out as it should.

306
00:27:59,920 --> 00:28:01,520
Will we get what we expected?

307
00:28:01,960 --> 00:28:05,040
A lot of new knowledge
comes along in four years,

308
00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:07,360
so you might already know
it will turn out bad.

309
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:11,360
But then you'll see how bad exactly.
That's also...

310
00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:14,560
...fun to see.

311
00:28:36,280 --> 00:28:37,880
Our idea of a crossbreed,

312
00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:40,720
when we started
four or five years ago,

313
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:44,600
was to get a cow we could milk...

314
00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:46,800
for more years.

315
00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:50,320
Because it costs money
to raise a new cow.

316
00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:52,400
In those two years the calf just...

317
00:28:53,280 --> 00:28:57,040
takes up space while it needs to grow.

318
00:28:57,440 --> 00:29:00,160
That's just expenses, expenses, expenses.

319
00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:05,280
If we could get a cow that could
milk for five years rather than three,

320
00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:08,040
then we would not have to get another one.

321
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:12,000
We would be some surplus calves
which we can sell,

322
00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:14,840
though they're not worth much.
It is just a waste product to us.

323
00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:21,480
If the price for them is so low
that we can't even cover our expenses

324
00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:24,400
to keep them alive for two weeks,

325
00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:28,120
then we put them down. We have to.

326
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,240
This is not a charity. This is a business.

327
00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:51,920
The breeders are not yet capable

328
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:54,760
of completely excluding
the births of males.

329
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:56,600
But they will be.

330
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:02,440
I meet the turbo-cow breeder elite
in Cremona, North Italy,

331
00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:04,760
for a genetic performance show.

332
00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:11,760
In recent years,
genetics helped us a lot

333
00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:15,120
because it selected
very productive animals,

334
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:19,520
but also ones able to handle
more and more stress.

335
00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:27,600
It's like an athlete.

336
00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:30,800
Athletes are never fat.

337
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:33,600
They are lean but in shape.

338
00:30:34,040 --> 00:30:35,360
A fat animal

339
00:30:36,240 --> 00:30:38,240
is not productive and suffers.

340
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:40,440
The animal should be in shape.

341
00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:45,280
It has to be fed
with the highest quality product,

342
00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:49,840
whether it is hay or feed,

343
00:30:50,720 --> 00:30:53,920
so that it can become pregnant
as soon as possible.

344
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:56,320
One calf a year, if possible.

345
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:12,320
You can buy the embryo,

346
00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:15,360
a newborn calf,

347
00:31:15,640 --> 00:31:17,640
a pregnant heifer,

348
00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:19,800
or a dairy cow.

349
00:31:21,560 --> 00:31:23,200
How does it work with the embryos?

350
00:31:23,520 --> 00:31:27,080
With the embryo, there's a catalog

351
00:31:27,160 --> 00:31:31,000
which, obviously, shows embryos
that are offered on the market.

352
00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:37,280
These cows are way more sensitive.

353
00:31:37,360 --> 00:31:41,360
Well, it's like having a Formula One
and having it run on a country road.

354
00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:02,720
There's the milk demonstration.

355
00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:06,280
You can see if the animal

356
00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:10,560
produces a lot or little milk.

357
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:13,680
The animal will tell you.

358
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:17,400
- You can tell by looking?
- Huh?

359
00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:19,120
-You can tell from the outside?
-Yes, yes.

360
00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:20,440
Yes, yes, yes.

361
00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:26,960
High-producing cows
are living power stations.

362
00:32:27,480 --> 00:32:32,720
They have to pump over 20,000 liters
of blood through their udders every day,

363
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:34,920
an energy-sapping task.

364
00:32:35,760 --> 00:32:39,320
But there are other problems
relating to high-performance husbandry.

365
00:32:41,520 --> 00:32:46,440
In this kind of business with 700 cows,

366
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:49,880
we produce a lot of manure.

367
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:54,040
We have this rule of thumb...

368
00:32:54,480 --> 00:32:58,360
for one liter of milk
you get three liters of manure.

369
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:03,360
We produce 20,000 to 24,000
liters of milk.

370
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:05,760
You can do the math.

371
00:33:05,960 --> 00:33:08,160
That's around
70,000 liters of manure a day.

372
00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:19,920
We use this tank as a buffer.

373
00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:24,440
It's an eternal problem. It's always full.

374
00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:33,400
I don't want to look at shit anymore.

375
00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:40,200
Professor Johannes Isselstein

376
00:33:40,320 --> 00:33:43,240
is systematically examining
the manure problem,

377
00:33:43,480 --> 00:33:45,720
what goes into a cow
and what comes out.

378
00:33:46,440 --> 00:33:50,520
And how much is modern dairy farming
straining the ecological cycle.

379
00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:59,120
You can completely feed cattle with grass.

380
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:03,400
Cows are amazing animals in so far as...

381
00:34:03,840 --> 00:34:06,760
they turn a raw material, grass,

382
00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:10,159
that is an inferior resource
to human nutrition,

383
00:34:10,679 --> 00:34:14,760
into something extremely superior,
milk protein.

384
00:34:17,560 --> 00:34:21,360
The intensification of milk production
led to cows being expected

385
00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:23,719
to deliver a higher yield

386
00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:28,960
and this higher yield
couldn't be upheld with natural roughage.

387
00:34:29,480 --> 00:34:33,360
Under our conditions in milk production

388
00:34:33,440 --> 00:34:37,719
we have around one third of feed energy
stemming from grass

389
00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:43,080
and two thirds of what the cows eat
and what is used for milk production

390
00:34:43,920 --> 00:34:45,920
is farm harvested feed.

391
00:34:46,880 --> 00:34:49,960
Most farmers have to buy this feed

392
00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:52,360
and the majority of it is soy.

393
00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:10,320
The majority of soy
that farmers buy comes from South America.

394
00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:15,120
A massive expanse of rainforest
has been cleared there

395
00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:17,400
for European fodder production.

396
00:35:19,640 --> 00:35:22,320
They are known as "shadow fodder fields",

397
00:35:22,560 --> 00:35:25,480
a flattering name
for an ecological disaster.

398
00:35:30,240 --> 00:35:32,560
And we will never rid the world of famine

399
00:35:32,680 --> 00:35:37,360
if you feed corn and soy to animals
rather than nourish humans with it.

400
00:35:41,720 --> 00:35:43,880
And is if that wasn't scary enough,

401
00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:48,760
cows can only use a third of the energy
that is in soy or grain.

402
00:35:50,360 --> 00:35:54,280
Globally speaking, we are
squandering resources on a massive scale

403
00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:57,760
by feeding cows with grain
to promote higher yields.

404
00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:04,040
Grain and soy are mixed with silage
and fermented

405
00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:06,280
to make durable green fodder.

406
00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:11,440
In intensive enclosed farming,
this paste is fed to the cows.

407
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:18,800
There is drought in Ukraine.

408
00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:20,160
It rains in the USA.

409
00:36:20,360 --> 00:36:24,560
All of that has an effect
on what I buy and what I sell.

410
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:31,640
I also have to think...

411
00:36:32,320 --> 00:36:35,520
it's so cheap now. Prices can only go up.

412
00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:39,560
So I cover my bases while it's cheap
and hope the selling price will rise.

413
00:36:40,760 --> 00:36:42,360
That is how it works.

414
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:51,320
-Who is this?
-Hello, Peter.

415
00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:53,040
-Welcome.
-Thanks.

416
00:36:53,720 --> 00:36:55,080
-What's up?
-What's up?

417
00:36:55,920 --> 00:37:00,840
-How's it going with the corn harvest?
-Well...

418
00:37:01,240 --> 00:37:04,800
We have harvested 38 hectares,

419
00:37:05,240 --> 00:37:07,480
-so we are not quite ready yet.
-No?

420
00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:09,640
-It will take a while.
-It's the early variety.

421
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,760
-It's not good with too much sun.
-Well, that's all right then.

422
00:37:13,840 --> 00:37:17,960
The question is
if it'll be enough for all 2017--

423
00:37:18,160 --> 00:37:21,480
-Exactly.
-Maybe.

424
00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:26,560
-Let's try to--
-Maybe we should lock the prices now.

425
00:37:26,680 --> 00:37:27,680
That's the question.

426
00:37:27,760 --> 00:37:32,160
We need to evaluate
what the market will do.

427
00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:35,480
-Can you deliver that price on it?
-Yes, we can.

428
00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:39,640
-It only costs an arm and a leg.
-84 kroner more than the regular.

429
00:37:43,720 --> 00:37:46,360
The animal is
the transformer of nutrients.

430
00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:49,600
All of it ends up in liquid manure.

431
00:37:51,320 --> 00:37:56,240
Farmers here
purchase protein from overseas

432
00:37:56,440 --> 00:37:59,280
and protein consists mainly of nitrogen.

433
00:37:59,720 --> 00:38:02,640
We import high amounts of nitrogen

434
00:38:02,720 --> 00:38:07,720
which then don't get transferred
back to the originating countries

435
00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:11,680
but instead end up on our own fields.

436
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:16,360
This means we have
a considerable import of nitrogen.

437
00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:22,240
Our fields have to cope with
these purchased amounts of nitrogen.

438
00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:27,400
High amounts of nitrogen
can lead to risks of emissions.

439
00:38:29,960 --> 00:38:32,200
Nitrate can be washed out into the soil.

440
00:38:32,720 --> 00:38:36,560
Ammonia vents when organic fertilizers
are applied.

441
00:38:37,040 --> 00:38:40,800
Or nitrate in the soil
turns into nitrous oxide

442
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:45,920
which then is released into the atmosphere
and is extremely damaging to the climate.

443
00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:51,440
Some countries, Holland for example,

444
00:38:51,800 --> 00:38:54,960
solve these issues by selling
liquid manure internationally.

445
00:38:55,320 --> 00:38:57,520
That way their own soil
isn't overburdened.

446
00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:07,720
Nitrates in
the groundwater are so dangerous

447
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:11,400
because they are converted into nitrites
in our body.

448
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:15,600
Nitrites, in turn,
prevent the transportation of oxygen

449
00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:17,800
and are suspected carcinogens.

450
00:39:22,640 --> 00:39:27,160
Tests show excessive quantities
of nitrates in a third of German wells.

451
00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:32,640
In Holland, the soil in now so burdened
that the EU is threatening

452
00:39:32,720 --> 00:39:35,280
to prohibit all milk production.

453
00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:48,880
The system exposes farmers to pressure,
ruins our environment,

454
00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:52,040
and encourages
cattle breeding ad absurdum,

455
00:39:52,320 --> 00:39:54,920
and yet more milk
is being produced every year.

456
00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:11,840
The departure from conventional
milk production on Alexander's farm

457
00:40:11,920 --> 00:40:14,640
hasn't been entirely free of friction.

458
00:40:24,440 --> 00:40:26,720
I gave him the farm...

459
00:40:28,040 --> 00:40:31,560
understanding that he would
continue the work

460
00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:37,120
in a way that suits him
or the way he wished to do it.

461
00:40:37,520 --> 00:40:40,600
So I did back off...

462
00:40:41,360 --> 00:40:43,200
but on occasion I got frustrated watching.

463
00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:46,640
I was a successful breeder

464
00:40:46,720 --> 00:40:51,400
and the cattle performance was good.

465
00:40:51,480 --> 00:40:53,720
Of course, I had problems as well,

466
00:40:54,440 --> 00:40:58,800
but I accepted the problems
so I would still have the high yields.

467
00:40:59,480 --> 00:41:02,200
My fellow farmers

468
00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:06,960
respected and accepted me
as one of their own.

469
00:41:07,040 --> 00:41:09,520
Our small cheesemaking business
has made a name for itself.

470
00:41:09,640 --> 00:41:12,240
We could sell much more than we produce.

471
00:41:12,760 --> 00:41:16,240
And using simple techniques
to increase production

472
00:41:16,360 --> 00:41:21,040
in order to sell more
and make more profit,

473
00:41:21,240 --> 00:41:23,960
that's a speculative thought.

474
00:41:24,440 --> 00:41:28,880
I think we simply have two completely
different views...

475
00:41:29,360 --> 00:41:30,600
of profitability.

476
00:41:30,680 --> 00:41:35,280
One entails high amounts of milk,
high revenue,

477
00:41:35,480 --> 00:41:36,960
high costs.

478
00:41:37,680 --> 00:41:42,680
And mine is low amounts of milk,
low revenue, low costs.

479
00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:45,000
Research has shown

480
00:41:45,640 --> 00:41:48,800
that the most intensive
and the most extensive models

481
00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:50,840
are the most successful economically.

482
00:41:51,040 --> 00:41:53,440
So... we're both right.

483
00:41:53,520 --> 00:41:56,360
But for me,
the ecological impact is important

484
00:41:56,440 --> 00:41:59,440
and we don't include environmental costs
into calculations,

485
00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:00,680
so I'm a bit more right.

486
00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:08,040
First and foremost,
it needs to be authentic,

487
00:42:08,120 --> 00:42:11,240
meaning the cow eats what it can find.

488
00:42:12,920 --> 00:42:14,920
They give half of the amount of milk

489
00:42:15,120 --> 00:42:17,440
that we used to produce.

490
00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:19,080
But it's good milk.

491
00:42:35,120 --> 00:42:37,840
Alexander has no problems with his manure.

492
00:42:38,520 --> 00:42:42,400
He processes his cow dung
into high quality compost.

493
00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:08,280
This used to be manure but
now it smells like soil from the woods.

494
00:43:13,920 --> 00:43:16,000
I don't fertilize the plants...

495
00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:19,400
I fertilize the land.

496
00:43:20,440 --> 00:43:22,800
A handful of this topsoil...

497
00:43:23,840 --> 00:43:25,560
in this handful

498
00:43:26,040 --> 00:43:30,080
we have more microbes
than humans on this planet.

499
00:43:30,920 --> 00:43:34,080
And when I use this fertilizer,
I feed those microbes.

500
00:43:34,760 --> 00:43:37,200
That's the paradigm shift.

501
00:43:37,920 --> 00:43:39,320
We need to get off the tractor,

502
00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:42,760
touch our soil and understand it.

503
00:43:43,600 --> 00:43:47,240
This is essentially the secret
of successful ecological agriculture,

504
00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:49,600
at least in my opinion.

505
00:43:54,720 --> 00:43:56,480
The milk branch meets annually

506
00:43:56,560 --> 00:43:58,200
at the World Dairy Summit.

507
00:43:59,040 --> 00:44:00,560
Everyone plays their part

508
00:44:00,640 --> 00:44:04,000
to persuade consumers
with innovative strategies

509
00:44:04,080 --> 00:44:07,360
about how healthy and beneficial
milk products are.

510
00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:12,240
The biggest challenge of the future
is to produce sufficient...

511
00:44:12,640 --> 00:44:16,480
milk and dairy products
to feed the global population.

512
00:44:16,840 --> 00:44:20,480
When you look at how much dairy
we are supposed to consume,

513
00:44:20,920 --> 00:44:23,480
in Europe and many countries,
like the Netherlands,

514
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,360
it's advised to have three servings
of dairy a day.

515
00:44:26,920 --> 00:44:29,960
In some other parts
of the world they, um...

516
00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:31,800
advise two servings a day.

517
00:44:31,880 --> 00:44:33,760
Suppose you go for two servings,

518
00:44:34,320 --> 00:44:38,200
and then when you look at how many people
there will be in the world in 2050,

519
00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:41,360
if everybody would have
two servings of dairy,

520
00:44:41,640 --> 00:44:43,960
we would need to double
the production we have today.

521
00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:46,160
We are actually not selling.

522
00:44:46,440 --> 00:44:51,160
We are talking here about
the "First 1000 Days" concept,

523
00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:55,440
which is a scientific concept
that we embraced as a company.

524
00:44:55,680 --> 00:44:57,400
And together with a partner,

525
00:44:57,480 --> 00:45:02,680
so, like medical institutions,
but also NGOs, governmental authorities,

526
00:45:02,840 --> 00:45:06,040
we educate society
about the importance of nutrition.

527
00:45:06,120 --> 00:45:09,040
The consumer will be open
to the communication

528
00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:10,760
that is provided by our products.

529
00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:14,120
So, therefore, we as a business can say,
"Okay!"

530
00:45:14,200 --> 00:45:16,160
And now we offer a range of products,

531
00:45:16,240 --> 00:45:18,240
because we have a large portfolio,

532
00:45:18,320 --> 00:45:20,880
and now, you,
knowing how important this is,

533
00:45:21,120 --> 00:45:22,600
you can consciously choose.

534
00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:23,960
What are you looking for?

535
00:45:24,040 --> 00:45:27,120
Are you looking for something
that will help your child digest?

536
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:28,920
Are you looking for infant formula?

537
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:30,840
Are you looking for follow-on formula?

538
00:45:31,640 --> 00:45:35,880
So it's Yakult.
It's a bottle full of live bacteria

539
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:39,280
and they reach the intestines alive.

540
00:45:40,320 --> 00:45:43,480
Okay. And what that does happen
in my body if I drink it?

541
00:45:43,560 --> 00:45:44,560
Yeah, that's the problem.

542
00:45:44,640 --> 00:45:50,720
There's a legal European law
that prohibits me to tell you about it.

543
00:45:50,800 --> 00:45:53,240
It's almost a moral imperative
to feed the world.

544
00:45:53,320 --> 00:45:54,360
I mean, we should.

545
00:45:55,120 --> 00:45:56,720
We have a growing world population.

546
00:45:56,840 --> 00:45:59,800
We should be able to go
to feed these people.

547
00:46:00,120 --> 00:46:02,880
Some people are even saying
food is a human right.

548
00:46:03,720 --> 00:46:07,320
The cow's milk
is the sourcing that we really rely on.

549
00:46:07,400 --> 00:46:08,920
But we modified it,

550
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:12,120
which means that some ingredients
we have to remove

551
00:46:12,240 --> 00:46:14,360
and some ingredients we have to add

552
00:46:14,440 --> 00:46:17,160
to mimic, in the best possible way,
breast milk.

553
00:46:17,240 --> 00:46:19,960
So, when the cattle is being born,

554
00:46:20,240 --> 00:46:24,080
the milk that the cow is providing
is for the cattle to grow.

555
00:46:24,320 --> 00:46:27,560
It's also for the cattle
to grow horns and hooves.

556
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:30,760
And for us humans, that's, let's say...

557
00:46:31,040 --> 00:46:32,120
not necessary.

558
00:46:32,200 --> 00:46:37,040
So, probably maybe we could, you know,
milk chimpanzees.

559
00:46:37,120 --> 00:46:42,320
But, again, in terms of accessibility,
well, that wouldn't be very smart.

560
00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:45,080
We are not allowed
to speak to consumers

561
00:46:45,160 --> 00:46:49,160
on the health effects of our products,
unfortunately.

562
00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:51,800
So... they don't know.

563
00:46:54,240 --> 00:46:57,040
The health-promoting effect
of milk products

564
00:46:57,120 --> 00:46:59,760
is the industry's main selling point.

565
00:47:03,960 --> 00:47:07,400
Thirty grams
of milk fat, 35 grams of protein,

566
00:47:07,880 --> 00:47:11,840
47 grams of lactose,
seven grams mineral salts,

567
00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:16,560
and all essential vitamins
can be found in one liter of milk.

568
00:47:16,640 --> 00:47:18,640
From the first day of our lives,

569
00:47:18,720 --> 00:47:20,520
milk benefits our health.

570
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:23,200
In Europe, it's only since
the 50s and 60s

571
00:47:23,280 --> 00:47:25,680
that we have increased
our milk consumption.

572
00:47:26,080 --> 00:47:28,200
We were taught from an early age

573
00:47:28,320 --> 00:47:30,200
that it's an elixir of life.

574
00:47:30,280 --> 00:47:33,920
But is milk anywhere near as healthy
as we are told it is?

575
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:36,400
♪ It's marvelous what it can do!♪

576
00:47:36,480 --> 00:47:41,560
♪ And with its protein it provides
Strength for our muscles♪

577
00:47:41,960 --> 00:47:44,800
In Northern European/
North American culture,

578
00:47:45,120 --> 00:47:47,160
milk has been very important.

579
00:47:47,280 --> 00:47:51,160
In part, it's enabled us to live
in a cold climate

580
00:47:51,440 --> 00:47:53,720
where we don't have fruits and vegetables

581
00:47:53,920 --> 00:47:56,720
and other foods available all year round,

582
00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:59,440
like in a more temperate
or tropical climate.

583
00:47:59,840 --> 00:48:01,680
It did allow us to survive

584
00:48:02,120 --> 00:48:05,640
until we're 45 or 50 years of age
and we could reproduce.

585
00:48:06,040 --> 00:48:09,080
But today we would like
to live longer and be healthier

586
00:48:09,160 --> 00:48:11,040
for many decades longer.

587
00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:16,760
and that northern climate
way of consuming food,

588
00:48:16,840 --> 00:48:18,440
that diet of northern climates,

589
00:48:18,560 --> 00:48:21,480
has turned out not to be
optimally healthy.

590
00:48:21,560 --> 00:48:24,120
I don't want milk. Milk's for babies.

591
00:48:24,400 --> 00:48:25,880
Yeah, babies.

592
00:48:25,960 --> 00:48:29,320
Oh, yeah? Well, I happen to know
that milk helps build strong bones.

593
00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:30,360
So drink up.

594
00:48:31,040 --> 00:48:33,280
Well, Mr. Miller told me
he never drinks milk.

595
00:48:33,360 --> 00:48:35,200
-And look at him.
-Yeah.

596
00:48:36,080 --> 00:48:36,920
Hi, kids!

597
00:48:40,280 --> 00:48:41,760
Oh.

598
00:48:42,440 --> 00:48:43,720
Oh, that's not good.

599
00:48:45,920 --> 00:48:48,160
Prevention of bone fractures has been

600
00:48:48,280 --> 00:48:51,760
the main rationale, the main justification

601
00:48:51,840 --> 00:48:53,680
for consuming high amounts of milk.

602
00:48:53,920 --> 00:48:57,320
So it's been perhaps an enigma, a paradox

603
00:48:57,560 --> 00:48:59,760
that the countries that consume
the most milk

604
00:48:59,960 --> 00:49:01,880
actually have the highest fracture rates.

605
00:49:01,960 --> 00:49:03,400
We've known that for quite a while.

606
00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:06,840
And now we're starting to understand,
I think, at least some of the reason

607
00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:11,160
why countries that consume a lot of milk
have the highest fracture rates.

608
00:49:11,640 --> 00:49:15,400
We've been conducting several
large, long-term studies.

609
00:49:15,480 --> 00:49:19,880
We have enrolled almost 300,000
men and women and adolescents

610
00:49:20,320 --> 00:49:22,880
and followed them now for almost 40 years,

611
00:49:23,240 --> 00:49:27,680
keeping track of what they consume
as foods, the amount of milk they consume,

612
00:49:29,200 --> 00:49:31,000
and also physical activity, smoking,

613
00:49:31,080 --> 00:49:33,160
pretty much anything else we could
think of

614
00:49:33,240 --> 00:49:34,440
that might affect their health.

615
00:49:34,480 --> 00:49:37,000
♪ Milk gives the body what it needs♪

616
00:49:37,080 --> 00:49:40,200
♪ So it stays fit, as you know♪

617
00:49:40,280 --> 00:49:42,280
♪ Because only milk can do that♪

618
00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:46,520
♪From milk protein to calcium♪

619
00:49:46,600 --> 00:49:48,960
♪ Minerals to vitamins♪

620
00:49:49,040 --> 00:49:51,280
Milk is something that promotes growth.

621
00:49:51,640 --> 00:49:56,040
That's the natural function of milk.
It's to make young mammals grow fast,

622
00:49:56,440 --> 00:50:00,120
make our cells multiply when we need to
at a young age.

623
00:50:00,440 --> 00:50:04,160
But for the rest of our life,
especially as adults,

624
00:50:04,440 --> 00:50:07,800
we don't necessarily want ourselves
to be multiplying fast.

625
00:50:07,880 --> 00:50:12,480
That's one of the factors that we
understand helps promote cancer growth

626
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:16,760
and that has raised concerns
that high consumption of milk

627
00:50:16,840 --> 00:50:19,160
may promote risk of cancer.

628
00:50:19,640 --> 00:50:22,720
The evidence is strongest
for prostate cancer,

629
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:26,320
but it's possible that
high milk consumption

630
00:50:26,600 --> 00:50:29,160
might increase the risk
of other cancers as well.

631
00:50:31,720 --> 00:50:36,160
I don't think we have to tell people
that they should stop drinking milk

632
00:50:36,240 --> 00:50:37,640
or not having any dairy.

633
00:50:38,320 --> 00:50:42,400
I think having a range
of acceptable dairy consumption

634
00:50:42,560 --> 00:50:43,840
would be better.

635
00:50:43,920 --> 00:50:46,160
And I think that can include
zero dairy consumption

636
00:50:46,280 --> 00:50:50,360
and probably maximum
about two servings a day of dairy,

637
00:50:50,440 --> 00:50:52,200
but that's really not essential.

638
00:50:52,280 --> 00:50:55,360
But if someone wants to have that amount,
I think it can be incorporated,

639
00:50:55,680 --> 00:50:59,000
especially if that part of that
is in the form of yogurt.

640
00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:05,160
Walter Willett's studies
are among the most frequently cited

641
00:51:05,240 --> 00:51:06,800
in the specialist world.

642
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:10,720
And although the experts
discuss them heatedly,

643
00:51:10,840 --> 00:51:13,120
one thing remains unchallenged.

644
00:51:13,840 --> 00:51:17,720
Milk is not, per se,
as healthy as the industry claims.

645
00:51:21,520 --> 00:51:25,200
The industry, on a global scale,
is very alert to, uh...

646
00:51:25,440 --> 00:51:28,040
some of these, you know, um...

647
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:32,200
pieces of science that comes out

648
00:51:32,280 --> 00:51:34,480
and you have to take it very seriously.

649
00:51:34,920 --> 00:51:37,960
I think that we have been,
for some time now,

650
00:51:38,040 --> 00:51:41,120
in a trend where the overriding trend is

651
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:46,600
that dairy is actually
a very healthy and nutritious raw material

652
00:51:46,680 --> 00:51:49,160
and that you can do lots
of wonderful things with dairy.

653
00:51:49,400 --> 00:51:51,360
I think that's the overriding impression.

654
00:51:51,960 --> 00:51:53,680
I also think, on the other side,

655
00:51:54,040 --> 00:51:57,800
we as an industry need to understand
that we have to present our products

656
00:51:57,880 --> 00:52:01,520
in a way that they are also indeed
natural and healthy.

657
00:52:01,600 --> 00:52:04,120
So we are working
with less fat in our products

658
00:52:04,640 --> 00:52:08,520
while maintaining a nice quality
that is worthwhile eating and drinking.

659
00:52:08,760 --> 00:52:10,920
That's a difficult balance to strike.

660
00:52:11,040 --> 00:52:14,040
So I think that if we're doing it
in a clever way as an industry,

661
00:52:14,120 --> 00:52:16,280
the raw material of milk
has a bright future.

662
00:52:34,760 --> 00:52:38,200
Where is the core set
for milk production development?

663
00:52:41,080 --> 00:52:45,200
On my travels it becomes apparent
that Brussels is the central setting

664
00:52:45,280 --> 00:52:47,280
for the European dairy industry.

665
00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:53,160
The handsome sum of 45 billion euros,

666
00:52:53,720 --> 00:52:56,640
the largest item on
the European Union's budget,

667
00:52:56,880 --> 00:52:59,520
is spent there every year on agriculture.

668
00:53:03,920 --> 00:53:08,120
Martin Häusling is a parliamentarian
and also an organic dairy farmer.

669
00:53:09,640 --> 00:53:11,360
One shouldn't imagine

670
00:53:11,440 --> 00:53:13,600
that the EU parliament's
decision-making process

671
00:53:13,720 --> 00:53:18,480
is driven by farmers in Baden-Württemberg

672
00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:20,400
or in Slovenia.

673
00:53:20,680 --> 00:53:23,160
It's about the interests of an industry.

674
00:53:23,440 --> 00:53:27,720
Milk is a cheap raw material
being mixed into lots of things.

675
00:53:28,600 --> 00:53:32,720
It's being split up into its components
and is used in many industries,

676
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:35,840
from candy to supplements.

677
00:53:36,160 --> 00:53:38,040
They want cheap materials.

678
00:53:39,520 --> 00:53:41,680
And they want to make sure

679
00:53:42,080 --> 00:53:45,600
that we always operate close to a surplus.

680
00:53:46,000 --> 00:53:48,840
No one in the food sector

681
00:53:49,120 --> 00:53:52,440
wants to have small amounts or amounts
that merely satisfy the European market.

682
00:53:52,920 --> 00:53:56,760
They always want to be far over the limit.

683
00:53:56,880 --> 00:54:00,840
We need to have a constant surplus
to be able strong-arm the producers

684
00:54:01,320 --> 00:54:06,120
They can threaten them that if they
don't sell to them for a certain price,

685
00:54:06,240 --> 00:54:07,760
someone else in the EU will.

686
00:54:08,280 --> 00:54:13,280
So we're not just looking
at the interests of 13 million farmers

687
00:54:13,440 --> 00:54:16,320
who receive EU subsidies.

688
00:54:16,920 --> 00:54:21,720
It's about the top players,
including the dairy factories.

689
00:54:22,960 --> 00:54:24,640
And they mainly benefit from us

690
00:54:24,720 --> 00:54:29,760
exporting massive amounts of milk
for low prices globally.

691
00:54:31,760 --> 00:54:33,640
The COPA farmers organization

692
00:54:33,720 --> 00:54:36,680
is one of the most powerful lobby groups
in Brussels.

693
00:54:37,280 --> 00:54:42,160
For decades, the organization has been
successfully promoting its interests here.

694
00:54:42,880 --> 00:54:45,560
Farming is the best business of them all.

695
00:54:45,640 --> 00:54:46,720
It's the best...

696
00:54:47,120 --> 00:54:48,400
I can't say "way of life"

697
00:54:48,480 --> 00:54:51,480
because it's no longer, if it ever was,
a way of life.

698
00:54:51,560 --> 00:54:53,560
It's a way of making a living.

699
00:54:54,120 --> 00:54:58,120
And especially for those young farmers
and their families that enter the market,

700
00:54:58,520 --> 00:55:01,400
it has to be a competitive form of...

701
00:55:02,120 --> 00:55:03,480
let's say, livelihood.

702
00:55:04,320 --> 00:55:09,000
And if that is not maintained,
there's no future for agriculture.

703
00:55:13,840 --> 00:55:17,800
How closely COPA
and the industry are actually intertwined

704
00:55:17,960 --> 00:55:21,400
is something that Nina Holland
from Corporate Europe Observatory

705
00:55:21,480 --> 00:55:22,840
can elucidate.

706
00:55:25,000 --> 00:55:28,440
There are roughly between
20,000 and 30,000 lobbyists

707
00:55:28,520 --> 00:55:31,520
based here in Brussels
and most of them work for the industry.

708
00:55:32,080 --> 00:55:35,200
We can assume that the food lobby
is pretty big.

709
00:55:38,040 --> 00:55:41,560
Okay. So here we are
at the office of FoodDrinkEurope

710
00:55:41,640 --> 00:55:45,480
So, FoodDrinkEurope is a big lobby group

711
00:55:45,560 --> 00:55:50,160
comprising all big food corporations,
including Nestlé, Danone, etc.

712
00:55:51,280 --> 00:55:55,280
They are very much obviously in favor
of deregulation in general.

713
00:55:56,840 --> 00:56:01,040
They organized an event together
with COPA-COGECA, the farmer's lobby,

714
00:56:01,120 --> 00:56:04,720
to say how much benefits Europe would have

715
00:56:04,800 --> 00:56:08,280
and the food industry and the farmers
from TTIP.

716
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:13,440
And, of course, it was a bit odd
that the farmers would

717
00:56:13,680 --> 00:56:15,640
sit together with the food industry.

718
00:56:15,720 --> 00:56:20,920
It clearly fits into the logic
and philosophy of COPA-COGECA to actually

719
00:56:22,480 --> 00:56:25,120
fight for the so-called 10% of farmers

720
00:56:25,240 --> 00:56:28,000
who will become the most modernized,
most industrialized,

721
00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:32,280
who can operate and can be competitive
on the world market

722
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:35,320
and not actually defend the interests
of all farmers.

723
00:56:39,080 --> 00:56:42,720
The whole agri-food chain turnover,
and especially if you measure that

724
00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:44,400
from the industry to retail level,

725
00:56:44,480 --> 00:56:48,680
is somewhere close to
1.4 to 1.5 trillion euro.

726
00:56:49,240 --> 00:56:51,360
So it's a staggering number.

727
00:56:52,120 --> 00:56:55,320
And it is the biggest economic sector
for the moment.

728
00:56:55,640 --> 00:56:57,360
It's bigger than the automobile industry.

729
00:56:57,440 --> 00:56:58,960
It's bigger than the chemical industry.

730
00:57:03,120 --> 00:57:04,800
We produce more per hectare.

731
00:57:05,360 --> 00:57:06,920
We produce more per animal.

732
00:57:07,560 --> 00:57:11,320
This is particularly the strength
of the European Union, agriculture.

733
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:15,320
It is really important for us
that we maintain this productivity trend.

734
00:57:17,680 --> 00:57:19,840
But why must a trend be maintained

735
00:57:19,920 --> 00:57:23,280
when the European market
has long-since been saturated?

736
00:57:25,440 --> 00:57:28,800
You have to think back to the year 2000.

737
00:57:28,920 --> 00:57:31,600
Not only the agriculture market
was deregulated

738
00:57:31,680 --> 00:57:34,040
but also financial markets were.

739
00:57:34,920 --> 00:57:36,960
The basic belief was...

740
00:57:37,040 --> 00:57:39,600
anything not regulated by the state
will be regulated by the free market

741
00:57:39,680 --> 00:57:40,640
and it'll be better.

742
00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:47,240
And so the European agricultural policy,
which in fact was highly regulated,

743
00:57:48,240 --> 00:57:50,000
was opened to the world market.

744
00:57:51,240 --> 00:57:55,760
The farmers received some direct payments

745
00:57:56,440 --> 00:57:58,720
but were told,
"Go ahead and produce what you want,

746
00:57:58,840 --> 00:58:00,280
the market will take it.

747
00:58:00,920 --> 00:58:04,000
And the big growing markets like

748
00:58:05,080 --> 00:58:08,280
China, Africa, Middle East,
maybe South America,

749
00:58:09,040 --> 00:58:11,120
are the markets that we needed to serve."

750
00:58:11,240 --> 00:58:15,280
The driving thought was us
providing food for the world.

751
00:58:17,880 --> 00:58:21,320
So it's no longer
about securing European food supply

752
00:58:21,600 --> 00:58:25,240
as was the declared aim
of the European agricultural policy.

753
00:58:26,920 --> 00:58:30,800
European farmers are now
supposed to produce for world export

754
00:58:31,840 --> 00:58:36,760
and at the same time facilitate growth
for the agricultural conglomerates.

755
00:58:38,360 --> 00:58:39,760
We're in a situation today

756
00:58:39,840 --> 00:58:44,320
where it's evident that the growth
in dairy consumption per capita

757
00:58:44,400 --> 00:58:46,000
is growing outside of Europe

758
00:58:46,800 --> 00:58:49,880
The European consumers are getting
more advanced and more demanding

759
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:53,680
and want a lot of innovation but
the consumption as such is not growing.

760
00:58:53,880 --> 00:58:57,760
But outside of Europe is for the industry,
I think for the European dairy industry,

761
00:58:58,600 --> 00:59:02,600
extremely important
and that's the nut that we need to crack.

762
00:59:02,680 --> 00:59:04,680
All of us, one way or the other.

763
00:59:04,920 --> 00:59:08,400
And we are trying to do different
strategies, the companies in between.

764
00:59:13,160 --> 00:59:15,720
But how does one
make a population group happy

765
00:59:16,120 --> 00:59:18,360
with something they don't know at all?

766
00:59:19,040 --> 00:59:23,040
This business coup can be best admired
taking the example of China.

767
00:59:26,960 --> 00:59:28,920
So, basically, what we tell them is

768
00:59:29,000 --> 00:59:30,200
that if you drink milk,

769
00:59:30,280 --> 00:59:33,600
you get proteins and nutrition
that makes you strong and tall.

770
00:59:34,240 --> 00:59:38,600
So the Asian population
is in need for strength,

771
00:59:39,080 --> 00:59:41,440
resilience, strong families.

772
00:59:42,160 --> 00:59:45,280
They also like to be tall
because they believe that

773
00:59:45,600 --> 00:59:48,360
when you're more tall
you're more successful in life

774
00:59:48,520 --> 00:59:49,720
and you're more healthy.

775
00:59:50,440 --> 00:59:54,080
And what you see is that small babies
that get infant nutrition

776
00:59:54,440 --> 00:59:56,240
will stay with a milk diet.

777
00:59:56,320 --> 00:59:58,160
And when kids are drinking milk

778
00:59:58,240 --> 01:00:00,520
also the families
are starting to drink milk.

779
01:00:00,720 --> 01:00:04,800
So people, slowly but steady,
get more milk into their diets.

780
01:00:17,680 --> 01:00:19,160
In China's supermarkets

781
01:00:19,240 --> 01:00:22,720
I don't just find
chic UHT milk six-packs

782
01:00:23,320 --> 01:00:28,840
but also endless shelves of baby food
unlike anything I've ever seen in Europe.

783
01:00:32,240 --> 01:00:36,920
Is it true that people in China drink milk
because they want to grow higher?

784
01:00:37,360 --> 01:00:39,600
Yes, for their kids.

785
01:00:40,280 --> 01:00:43,960
In my knowledge, at least,
calcium is good for your bones

786
01:00:44,040 --> 01:00:47,480
and then you drink as a small kid
and hopefully you'll grow taller.

787
01:00:50,040 --> 01:00:54,080
Given the rise is prosperity,
milk has become overnight

788
01:00:54,160 --> 01:00:57,520
a fashionable Western consumer item
for the Chinese.

789
01:01:00,720 --> 01:01:02,120
China drinks milk.

790
01:01:03,040 --> 01:01:05,600
This announcement
was essentially the green light

791
01:01:05,720 --> 01:01:08,680
for the liberalization
of the European milk market

792
01:01:08,840 --> 01:01:11,600
and the race for the top
in the Chinese market.

793
01:01:12,560 --> 01:01:15,640
But in China,
huge native production structures

794
01:01:15,720 --> 01:01:18,160
have been created in almost no time.

795
01:01:20,160 --> 01:01:23,520
Total investment was 10 billion RMB.

796
01:01:23,880 --> 01:01:27,640
Daily capacity is 2,000 tons fresh milk.

797
01:01:27,840 --> 01:01:32,240
So we think this is the biggest
liquid milk workshop in the world.

798
01:02:03,080 --> 01:02:05,400
Now you can see this is Arla,

799
01:02:05,480 --> 01:02:08,320
it's our third largest shareholder.

800
01:02:08,480 --> 01:02:12,640
We cooperate with Arla Foods
mainly in farm management.

801
01:02:15,080 --> 01:02:19,880
And this one is for Danone.
Danone is our second largest shareholder.

802
01:02:20,080 --> 01:02:25,760
We established a cooperation company
with Danone to produce yogurt.

803
01:02:26,200 --> 01:02:31,120
Now here you can see our very beautiful
European-style street.

804
01:02:33,000 --> 01:02:39,360
Because we want our visitors
stay here very relaxed.

805
01:02:39,920 --> 01:02:42,040
And they can take some pictures,

806
01:02:42,120 --> 01:02:46,720
they can know the history
and origin of milk.

807
01:02:49,840 --> 01:02:52,920
In Europe,
farmers need the support of their dairies.

808
01:02:53,920 --> 01:02:55,880
But these are investing in China

809
01:02:55,960 --> 01:02:58,880
and thereby increasing pressure
on European farmers.

810
01:03:02,120 --> 01:03:06,400
Around this plant we have many big farms.

811
01:03:06,560 --> 01:03:10,440
Like, on one farm,
there are more than 10,000 cows.

812
01:03:16,400 --> 01:03:23,120
In China,
there was not a established dairy system.

813
01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:27,960
We learned from
the experiences of other countries

814
01:03:28,040 --> 01:03:31,600
how they manage and operate
a large dairy farm.

815
01:03:31,680 --> 01:03:35,400
What is especially problematic here
is the large number of cows we have.

816
01:03:40,800 --> 01:03:43,040
I myself was honored to have participated

817
01:03:43,120 --> 01:03:46,080
in the building of
the largest dairy farm in China

818
01:04:10,080 --> 01:04:17,040
EVERYTHING ELSE IS POINTLESS
IF THERE IS A QUALITY ISSUE WITH RAW MILK

819
01:04:40,840 --> 01:04:42,640
We didn't believe it
when they said

820
01:04:42,800 --> 01:04:45,240
the Chinese would drink everything up.

821
01:04:46,040 --> 01:04:48,200
That we wouldn't be able
to produce enough in the future.

822
01:04:49,320 --> 01:04:51,760
In the weekly papers we kept reading

823
01:04:52,240 --> 01:04:55,720
we should prepare for the future.
That's what every paper said.

824
01:04:55,800 --> 01:05:00,040
Our farmer's association always said,
"We are competitive!"

825
01:05:00,120 --> 01:05:04,280
That German farmers remain competitive.
We're not afraid of competition.

826
01:05:04,360 --> 01:05:07,920
"China will drink us dry!"
That's what the associations said

827
01:05:08,120 --> 01:05:13,360
And all dairy factories said they
can market everything for a good price.

828
01:05:14,520 --> 01:05:16,080
But it didn't happen that way.

829
01:05:19,560 --> 01:05:21,880
STOP FARMS FROM DYING
REDUCE AMOUNTS, DON'T RUIN FARMERS

830
01:05:21,960 --> 01:05:24,560
Since 2008, many milk farmers

831
01:05:24,640 --> 01:05:27,840
have been regularly protesting
against dumping prices

832
01:05:27,920 --> 01:05:31,120
in the hope of influencing decisions
taken in Brussels.

833
01:05:31,520 --> 01:05:35,920
Official farmer associations are
seldom to be seen at the demonstrations.

834
01:05:43,320 --> 01:05:47,400
We attended
demonstrations where I learned a lot.

835
01:05:47,840 --> 01:05:51,960
I talked to other farmers
and everyone had the same issues.

836
01:05:52,040 --> 01:05:53,920
FREEDOM, EQUALITY, FARMING

837
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:56,160
We all have the same thoughts.

838
01:05:56,240 --> 01:05:59,960
That's when I realized
that we're being screwed over.

839
01:06:00,880 --> 01:06:04,400
We went on strike
and tried to change things

840
01:06:04,480 --> 01:06:06,600
so we'd head in the right direction again.

841
01:06:06,760 --> 01:06:10,200
But our farmer's association
worked against us with all means.

842
01:06:10,640 --> 01:06:13,280
We've been producing a surplus of milk
for decades.

843
01:06:13,560 --> 01:06:16,440
This could've been regulated.

844
01:06:16,680 --> 01:06:18,040
But they didn't want to.

845
01:06:18,480 --> 01:06:23,800
Everything had to be cheap at all times.
The surplus is what breaks us.

846
01:06:23,880 --> 01:06:26,400
After the strike we knew
that this was all planned.

847
01:06:26,960 --> 01:06:29,440
The way things are,
it's all intentional.

848
01:06:29,840 --> 01:06:32,640
That the milk price
is not intended to go up.

849
01:06:33,000 --> 01:06:37,120
Milk as a raw material is supposed
to be cheap for the dairy factories.

850
01:06:37,320 --> 01:06:38,480
And for retail.

851
01:06:43,520 --> 01:06:47,120
In order to store
milk longer and transport it globally,

852
01:06:47,480 --> 01:06:50,320
the industry transforms it
into powdered milk

853
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:53,400
in an energy intensive
drying process.

854
01:07:01,200 --> 01:07:04,920
The farmers have actually produced so much
more milk because it was attractive,

855
01:07:05,040 --> 01:07:07,960
if you go back a year ago,
that the market over-flooded.

856
01:07:08,160 --> 01:07:09,680
Then again the whole industry,

857
01:07:09,800 --> 01:07:12,440
whether you were a big company
and a branded player,

858
01:07:12,520 --> 01:07:14,840
or a private label player,
or a small player.

859
01:07:14,960 --> 01:07:17,760
You have to find a home for your milk
and your products

860
01:07:17,880 --> 01:07:21,160
and that drives competition
and it drives price competition.

861
01:07:22,640 --> 01:07:25,280
But what is to be done
with all these goods?

862
01:07:25,680 --> 01:07:26,960
New markets are needed,

863
01:07:27,040 --> 01:07:31,440
so the EU reaches new made-to-measure
free trade agreements

864
01:07:31,520 --> 01:07:33,160
with parts of Africa.

865
01:07:33,800 --> 01:07:37,600
These also guarantee long-term,
low import duties

866
01:07:37,680 --> 01:07:39,520
for European milk products.

867
01:07:55,920 --> 01:07:58,920
The powdered milk
that mainly comes from Europe

868
01:07:59,040 --> 01:08:01,440
is offloaded here in the port of Dakar

869
01:08:01,560 --> 01:08:04,680
to then be distributed
all around the country here in Senegal.

870
01:08:08,560 --> 01:08:10,440
Bocar Diaw runs a small dairy

871
01:08:10,520 --> 01:08:13,800
and is president
of the Senegalese milk association.

872
01:08:20,920 --> 01:08:23,319
- Give it.
- It's heavy.

873
01:08:26,120 --> 01:08:28,399
Milk is in high demand.

874
01:08:35,120 --> 01:08:38,040
After receiving the milk, we pay by check.

875
01:08:39,560 --> 01:08:42,279
We do not have a limit on what we stock.

876
01:08:42,760 --> 01:08:44,399
We often have up to a thousand bags.

877
01:08:51,240 --> 01:08:55,319
Here, we have this. It is industrial milk.

878
01:08:55,720 --> 01:08:58,319
It is curdled milk
made from powdered milk.

879
01:08:58,760 --> 01:09:01,399
We also have...

880
01:09:02,800 --> 01:09:06,040
"Yahourt Jaboot" which is
from a dairy company,

881
01:09:06,920 --> 01:09:10,840
which specialize in producing yogurt
from powdered milk.

882
01:09:11,840 --> 01:09:13,680
They are all imported products.

883
01:09:14,680 --> 01:09:18,120
These packs cost 75 or 100 francs.

884
01:09:18,520 --> 01:09:20,080
They are affordable to everyone

885
01:09:20,160 --> 01:09:24,200
and easy to use
because it is powdered milk.

886
01:09:24,720 --> 01:09:28,560
You understand?
And it is from the European Union.

887
01:09:29,800 --> 01:09:32,800
These are all products
from the European Union.

888
01:09:33,279 --> 01:09:36,479
So, the European Union policy

889
01:09:36,600 --> 01:09:40,840
supports their agriculture financially,

890
01:09:41,160 --> 01:09:43,720
which enables a dumping...

891
01:09:44,960 --> 01:09:47,399
in our local economy.

892
01:09:47,800 --> 01:09:50,560
INTENSE MOMENTS OF HAPPINESS!

893
01:09:53,000 --> 01:09:55,440
DRINK YOUR MILK, BREATHE WELL,
BE STRONG.

894
01:09:56,840 --> 01:09:59,200
EAT HEALTHY

895
01:10:17,480 --> 01:10:21,280
The small dairy Bocar runs
is on the edge of Dakaar.

896
01:10:21,760 --> 01:10:24,840
He works exclusively
with native cow's milk.

897
01:10:27,840 --> 01:10:29,560
The process is simple, really.

898
01:10:29,680 --> 01:10:31,360
We receive cow's milk,

899
01:10:31,440 --> 01:10:33,400
we specialize in cow milk.

900
01:10:33,520 --> 01:10:36,480
We work with farms
that collect and bring us milk.

901
01:10:36,840 --> 01:10:38,680
We make the transformation...

902
01:10:39,240 --> 01:10:42,560
into yogurt, sour milk,
and then we sell in our shops.

903
01:10:46,360 --> 01:10:49,720
The milk we produce here in Senegal
from our cows

904
01:10:49,800 --> 01:10:52,320
is much more expensive for the producer

905
01:10:52,560 --> 01:10:54,520
because production costs are high.

906
01:10:55,320 --> 01:10:59,480
It's a lot easier today
to process powdered milk.

907
01:11:00,000 --> 01:11:01,960
We'd earn more money with powdered milk.

908
01:11:02,240 --> 01:11:06,560
But we opted to work with cow's milk
because it is much more sustainable.

909
01:11:16,760 --> 01:11:18,800
Agriculture here
does not get any support,

910
01:11:19,160 --> 01:11:21,320
there is also no subsidies for livestock.

911
01:11:23,320 --> 01:11:26,360
That is why the production cost are high.

912
01:11:26,800 --> 01:11:30,080
There are no grants for producing,
transforming,

913
01:11:30,160 --> 01:11:32,800
and marketing the products.

914
01:11:32,920 --> 01:11:35,040
We are pretty much on our own.

915
01:11:51,440 --> 01:11:54,960
Now, in the current
situation, the European milk industry

916
01:11:55,040 --> 01:11:57,240
is completely dependent
on direct payments.

917
01:11:57,520 --> 01:12:00,400
No dairy farmer can survive
if they don't receive

918
01:12:00,760 --> 01:12:04,120
their annual payments from the EU
on Dec 31.

919
01:12:04,400 --> 01:12:09,560
It's almost their entire income.

920
01:12:12,480 --> 01:12:16,360
The subsidies from EU are important.

921
01:12:16,840 --> 01:12:19,920
-We depend on them.
-We can't live without them.

922
01:12:20,000 --> 01:12:22,680
If you look at the bottom line,
year after year,

923
01:12:22,760 --> 01:12:25,360
then it has to be there.

924
01:12:25,720 --> 01:12:27,400
Because there's nothing else there.

925
01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:30,640
You can't make money by producing milk

926
01:12:31,360 --> 01:12:33,960
without the subsidies from EU.
It's impossible.

927
01:12:34,040 --> 01:12:36,320
Ask the bank what they would say
if we didn't get it.

928
01:12:36,400 --> 01:12:39,760
Yes. But you could also ask
what it would take

929
01:12:40,240 --> 01:12:42,480
to not rely on the subsidies from EU.

930
01:12:42,560 --> 01:12:44,560
We would simply need
50 øre more for our milk.

931
01:12:45,160 --> 01:12:46,640
-And it's--
-That would replace...

932
01:12:46,720 --> 01:12:47,960
...the subsidies from the EU.

933
01:12:48,040 --> 01:12:50,400
The consumer would just
have to pay 50 øre more.

934
01:12:51,200 --> 01:12:55,320
It sounds like nothing,
but we are talking about billions.

935
01:12:55,440 --> 01:12:58,760
The consumer would save too.
They wouldn't pay as much tax to the EU.

936
01:12:58,880 --> 01:13:00,680
-Yes.
-They are paying anyway.

937
01:13:00,760 --> 01:13:02,800
-They do.
-It's going around in a circle.

938
01:13:02,880 --> 01:13:08,040
It's going around but
through some clever white collar people.

939
01:13:09,440 --> 01:13:10,440
-But do we want it...
-No.

940
01:13:11,400 --> 01:13:14,360
If the EU decided tomorrow

941
01:13:15,120 --> 01:13:18,360
to no longer pay those 45 billion euros
in direct payments

942
01:13:19,200 --> 01:13:23,640
this way of agriculture and this export
strategy couldn't function any longer.

943
01:13:25,040 --> 01:13:30,320
So the taxpayer fuels this export strategy
and the strategy of cheapness

944
01:13:30,800 --> 01:13:35,160
and the taxpayer gets told
that they get cheap products in return.

945
01:13:36,280 --> 01:13:40,400
But they aren't for the European market,
they're ruining small African farmers.

946
01:13:47,240 --> 01:13:49,280
Today the dairy farmers really...

947
01:13:51,880 --> 01:13:53,920
they can barely make it.

948
01:13:54,760 --> 01:13:57,240
Because they don't know
where to sell their milk.

949
01:13:58,080 --> 01:13:59,520
It's a rural area,

950
01:14:00,080 --> 01:14:01,560
everyone has cattle.

951
01:14:01,920 --> 01:14:04,560
So, the milk market is not here.

952
01:14:09,600 --> 01:14:13,000
For Bocaw, dairy farming
always has a social component

953
01:14:13,080 --> 01:14:16,040
and can not simply be left
to the free market.

954
01:14:16,480 --> 01:14:18,120
Policy is required.

955
01:14:20,880 --> 01:14:21,880
Assalamualaikum.

956
01:14:24,680 --> 01:14:27,360
- How are you?
- Good, you?

957
01:14:27,520 --> 01:14:30,400
-How things going here?
-Things are fine.

958
01:14:31,120 --> 01:14:33,880
-The milk collection?
-Not too bad!

959
01:14:34,200 --> 01:14:35,840
How many liters did you collect?

960
01:14:35,960 --> 01:14:38,120
About 140, 150.

961
01:14:38,280 --> 01:14:40,600
140, 150?
How much you buy it for?

962
01:14:41,120 --> 01:14:42,080
300.

963
01:14:42,160 --> 01:14:49,120
We could use some better equipment,
at least, the stuff here is--

964
01:14:50,760 --> 01:14:52,520
-It doesn't allow us to...
-Semi-industrial?

965
01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:53,880
Yes, at least semi-industrial.

966
01:15:02,600 --> 01:15:04,840
Of course there is competition.

967
01:15:05,320 --> 01:15:09,400
Especially the powdered milk.

968
01:15:09,760 --> 01:15:10,760
It is everywhere.

969
01:15:10,840 --> 01:15:15,720
They should increase
the taxes on imported goods

970
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:17,560
to help finance the local producers.

971
01:15:17,640 --> 01:15:18,920
That's right.

972
01:15:19,000 --> 01:15:19,840
True.

973
01:15:19,920 --> 01:15:23,080
If you are succeed at what you are doing

974
01:15:23,400 --> 01:15:26,880
that would mean you are
combating poor nutrition

975
01:15:27,080 --> 01:15:30,000
because kids will have quality milk.

976
01:15:30,280 --> 01:15:33,360
You fought poverty because farmers

977
01:15:33,680 --> 01:15:36,320
will have good job with an income.

978
01:15:36,640 --> 01:15:39,560
This is a big fight.

979
01:15:40,040 --> 01:15:43,120
-We are dealing with a rural exodus here.
-That is true.

980
01:15:43,200 --> 01:15:46,640
-How many people are employed here?
-Seven.

981
01:15:47,160 --> 01:15:50,360
-Seven already!
-Only with 150 liters.

982
01:15:52,000 --> 01:15:54,440
This means that if you got the support

983
01:15:55,000 --> 01:15:57,920
to produce 1,000 liters,
you will hire 50 people.

984
01:15:58,000 --> 01:15:59,280
That's for sure.

985
01:15:59,360 --> 01:16:01,840
But regarding the rural exodus.

986
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:06,680
The worst thing is that kids of farmers
are on the boats to go overseas.

987
01:16:06,840 --> 01:16:10,680
They’re dying in Libya
and on the high seas.

988
01:16:11,440 --> 01:16:14,360
This is very important.

989
01:16:14,440 --> 01:16:17,480
The children who die there
are the sons of cattle-breeders.

990
01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:40,200
In 2008,
the World Bank and the UNO

991
01:18:40,280 --> 01:18:43,320
had information
on global agriculture collated.

992
01:18:44,640 --> 01:18:48,800
The scientists found that
the decisive factor of the war on hunger

993
01:18:48,920 --> 01:18:50,920
is not increased productivity

994
01:18:51,360 --> 01:18:55,160
but the availability of food
and the means of its local production.

995
01:18:58,920 --> 01:19:02,680
The best guarantees for
comprehensive global food security

996
01:19:02,920 --> 01:19:04,920
are small farming structures.

997
01:19:05,960 --> 01:19:08,760
A large part of the agricultural industry

998
01:19:08,840 --> 01:19:10,600
rejects these findings.

999
01:19:28,440 --> 01:19:31,400
We've led agriculture in a direction

1000
01:19:31,680 --> 01:19:33,760
that is clearly a dead end.

1001
01:19:33,840 --> 01:19:38,600
It happened because we made agriculture
a topic exclusively for economists.

1002
01:19:39,000 --> 01:19:44,800
And on the other hand,
for us it is a job and a way of life.

1003
01:19:45,080 --> 01:19:48,640
I believe it's time to make
agriculture a topic

1004
01:19:49,400 --> 01:19:52,960
for ecologists, philosophers,
and economists.

1005
01:19:53,080 --> 01:19:57,440
But it can't just be a matter of numbers.

1006
01:20:02,840 --> 01:20:06,600
We need to create
much smaller production units,

1007
01:20:06,680 --> 01:20:09,480
create more diversified production units,

1008
01:20:09,680 --> 01:20:12,880
create production units
with less technology.

1009
01:20:12,960 --> 01:20:15,920
This may sound completely alien

1010
01:20:17,160 --> 01:20:22,640
but as of right now, we farmers are
in the process of rationalizing ourselves.

1011
01:20:23,520 --> 01:20:28,760
On the other hand, agriculture has
an emotional aspect to it.

1012
01:20:29,240 --> 01:20:32,200
My farming is a soulful endeavor.

1013
01:20:32,320 --> 01:20:34,760
The animals are very important to me.

1014
01:20:35,520 --> 01:20:39,240
And I can only achieve this ideal

1015
01:20:39,680 --> 01:20:41,320
by remaining small.

1016
01:20:58,560 --> 01:21:01,680
I fancy the idea that I will manage

1017
01:21:02,000 --> 01:21:05,200
to make my cheese recognizable
by its terroir

1018
01:21:05,280 --> 01:21:07,840
simply by cultivating my soil
the way I do.

1019
01:21:08,680 --> 01:21:10,760
It's my vision that someday

1020
01:21:11,160 --> 01:21:13,760
you will be able to recognize a region
from a cheese.

1021
01:21:14,640 --> 01:21:17,720
That I'll be able to tell from the smell
and taste of a cheese

1022
01:21:17,840 --> 01:21:19,760
that it's from this area.

1023
01:21:20,000 --> 01:21:24,360
And for that purpose, importing feed
from all over the world

1024
01:21:24,920 --> 01:21:28,560
to produce lots of milk is pointless.

1025
01:21:28,760 --> 01:21:34,080
Instead, it will be crucial
that the cow eats what it can find here.

1026
01:21:37,920 --> 01:21:39,480
But is Alexander's model

1027
01:21:39,560 --> 01:21:41,760
of strictly organic dairy farming

1028
01:21:41,840 --> 01:21:43,920
only feasible on a small scale?

1029
01:21:46,640 --> 01:21:48,480
Together with two other farmers,

1030
01:21:48,560 --> 01:21:52,600
Kjartan Poulsen runs
a large organic dairy farm in Denmark.

1031
01:21:56,760 --> 01:21:58,080
When you enter the cow house

1032
01:21:58,160 --> 01:22:00,800
it doesn't look very different
to a conventional farm.

1033
01:22:02,600 --> 01:22:04,840
But the differences are fundamental.

1034
01:22:09,920 --> 01:22:14,960
We are very close to 100% self-sufficient

1035
01:22:16,120 --> 01:22:18,520
in what we feed the animals and...

1036
01:22:19,400 --> 01:22:23,680
almost all our cattle
is outside all summer

1037
01:22:24,760 --> 01:22:29,480
1,600 heads, they are all on grass
in the summertime.

1038
01:22:32,640 --> 01:22:34,720
We do not want to be stressed.

1039
01:22:37,040 --> 01:22:39,800
Neither do we want to make stress
to the animals.

1040
01:22:40,600 --> 01:22:43,960
We just feed them
what we can grow every year

1041
01:22:44,040 --> 01:22:46,320
and then take the milk that they produce.

1042
01:22:46,720 --> 01:22:51,280
And in this way everyone is, I believe,
more happy.

1043
01:22:58,320 --> 01:23:01,320
If they are kept on pastures
and eat only grass,

1044
01:23:01,680 --> 01:23:03,840
cows are not climate criminals.

1045
01:23:04,440 --> 01:23:07,080
On an environmental balance sheet then

1046
01:23:07,560 --> 01:23:11,120
organic milk is definitely superior
to ordinary milk.

1047
01:23:11,640 --> 01:23:14,800
Even if it is produced in the same
industrial fashion

1048
01:23:14,880 --> 01:23:16,160
as at Kjartan Poulsen's.

1049
01:23:16,800 --> 01:23:20,960
So the pertinent question becomes,
"Why don't more farmers go organic?"

1050
01:23:21,360 --> 01:23:24,560
Especially since prices
organic farmers receive

1051
01:23:24,640 --> 01:23:26,160
are consistently good.

1052
01:23:27,000 --> 01:23:29,680
"Too expensive and too labor intensive,"

1053
01:23:30,080 --> 01:23:31,640
is what farmers tell me.

1054
01:23:31,760 --> 01:23:36,000
Which is why most of them prefer to stick
with the conventional model and hope,

1055
01:23:36,480 --> 01:23:39,400
year in, year out,
for a rise in prices.

1056
01:23:49,960 --> 01:23:55,040
We are about 100% in debt today,
so we should try to get that down a bit.

1057
01:23:58,520 --> 01:24:00,760
Every month we deliver...

1058
01:24:01,360 --> 01:24:04,440
an efficiency plan to the bank.

1059
01:24:04,640 --> 01:24:08,400
Number of cows that died, milk produced
per cow, and all those things.

1060
01:24:08,840 --> 01:24:12,160
We send that to them as information.

1061
01:24:13,640 --> 01:24:16,920
But... we're not tied
at the hands and feet.

1062
01:24:17,000 --> 01:24:20,920
I can go buy whenever I want.

1063
01:24:21,000 --> 01:24:23,240
But they are following us closely.

1064
01:24:32,200 --> 01:24:33,520
We have to be...

1065
01:24:33,720 --> 01:24:37,040
better farmers than our neighbors.

1066
01:24:37,120 --> 01:24:37,960
Yes.

1067
01:24:38,040 --> 01:24:41,800
-We are... at war with everyone.
-That's--

1068
01:24:41,880 --> 01:24:44,240
-You need to know that...
-Yes.

1069
01:24:44,480 --> 01:24:45,760
...for when you take over.

1070
01:24:46,400 --> 01:24:48,400
There's no--

1071
01:24:49,840 --> 01:24:54,120
-There's no goodwill. It's not--
-No. Nobody will cry for you.

1072
01:24:54,240 --> 01:24:56,800
You have to...

1073
01:24:57,600 --> 01:24:59,200
be an asshole once in a while.

1074
01:25:05,840 --> 01:25:07,760
What's been happening in the past years

1075
01:25:07,840 --> 01:25:09,440
is a cannibalization of the sector

1076
01:25:09,720 --> 01:25:13,280
They eat each other up.
Without any consideration.

1077
01:25:13,360 --> 01:25:15,880
Whenever land is for lease...

1078
01:25:17,680 --> 01:25:21,080
even at the funeral of a farmer,
the widow is approached

1079
01:25:21,160 --> 01:25:25,400
about whether she wants to lease
her husband's land.

1080
01:25:25,560 --> 01:25:28,880
That's not a one time thing,
every village tells those stories.

1081
01:25:29,280 --> 01:25:32,280
People are becoming inconsiderate.

1082
01:25:32,840 --> 01:25:35,200
Obviously not always
because they want more

1083
01:25:35,360 --> 01:25:37,360
but because they're under such pressure.

1084
01:25:37,440 --> 01:25:41,160
It's such a bubble.
They have their backs against the wall.

1085
01:25:41,680 --> 01:25:44,800
They have been driven so far out
and can't even go back.

1086
01:25:48,640 --> 01:25:49,640
It's locked.

1087
01:25:53,440 --> 01:25:56,400
We were discussing milk policy

1088
01:25:56,480 --> 01:26:01,480
then Bové got up and said,
"I ask you to rise and commemorate

1089
01:26:01,640 --> 01:26:06,040
the 600 French farmers
who committed suicide last year."

1090
01:26:07,600 --> 01:26:10,040
First, a murmur went through the rows

1091
01:26:11,960 --> 01:26:14,960
but then everyone,
including the Commissioner, stood up.

1092
01:26:16,360 --> 01:26:18,760
The number is apparently true.

1093
01:26:19,640 --> 01:26:21,000
As I said...

1094
01:26:21,920 --> 01:26:26,080
farmers now have
a disproportionately high suicide rate.

1095
01:27:10,640 --> 01:27:13,520
I'm a strong believer that long term,

1096
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:18,280
and I know that can be difficult if
you're a farmer to accept that today,

1097
01:27:18,600 --> 01:27:22,720
but long term there is a nice future
for dairy products.

1098
01:27:23,320 --> 01:27:26,080
It's a very healthy product,
it's nutritious.

1099
01:27:26,160 --> 01:27:29,920
It's the right nutrition
for lots of people in the world

1100
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:31,840
and there are many consumers out there

1101
01:27:31,920 --> 01:27:35,880
who are just now learning
to eat and drink a dairy products

1102
01:27:35,960 --> 01:27:40,520
the way we're used to doing it
in Europe or the Old World, so to speak.

1103
01:27:40,920 --> 01:27:46,080
So there is, on the demand side,
a great opportunity actually.

1104
01:27:46,160 --> 01:27:50,960
If we understand as companies
to grasp that opportunity

1105
01:27:51,040 --> 01:27:55,000
and that's an ongoing process
and we will never be finished doing that.

1106
01:28:14,120 --> 01:28:15,880
The cattle's liquid manure

1107
01:28:15,960 --> 01:28:18,720
flows through the system
and produces energy.

1108
01:28:19,120 --> 01:28:21,800
Or rather gas and thus electricity.

1109
01:28:23,960 --> 01:28:29,480
With pure liquid manure we now make
more money than with our milk.

1110
01:28:29,600 --> 01:28:31,600
-With poop.
-With poop, so to speak.

1111
01:28:34,240 --> 01:28:36,440
That's a joke if you think about it.

1112
01:28:45,840 --> 01:28:48,200
I just got a message...

1113
01:28:48,880 --> 01:28:51,920
a text here on on my phone.

1114
01:28:52,080 --> 01:28:56,360
The price of milk will rise 15.1 øre
on October 1st.

1115
01:28:57,320 --> 01:28:58,240
Yes.

1116
01:28:58,960 --> 01:29:00,960
We are ready.

1117
01:29:01,560 --> 01:29:03,560
That's straight to the bottom line.

1118
01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:06,640
That's damn good.

1119
01:29:07,360 --> 01:29:08,800
Almost makes me cry.