0000 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:10,000 YoubetCash.vip Agen Judi Online Aman & Terpercaya 000 00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:15,000 Bonus Cashback Bola 6% Bonus Rollingan 0,80% 00 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:20,000 Welcome Bonus Rp 25.000 Extra Bonus Tambahan Withdraw Rp 2.000.000 0 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:25,000 CashBack Mix Parlay 100% Bonus Ajak teman 45,2% ��1 00:00:25,267 --> 00:00:33,011 Su 1 00:00:34,267 --> 00:00:37,011 Over the past 250 years - 2 00:00:37,061 --> 00:00:44,394 - We've made the biggest scientific experiment ever. 3 00:00:44,444 --> 00:00:47,939 Since the Industrial Revolution - 4 00:00:47,989 --> 00:00:54,612 - We have sent 1.4 trillion tons of coal straight out into the atmosphere. 5 00:00:54,662 --> 00:01:01,619 It has changed life on earth, especially in the Arctic. 6 00:01:01,669 --> 00:01:07,834 The world's melting snow and ice has caused climate change - 7 00:01:07,884 --> 00:01:12,296 - threatening life on earth. 8 00:01:12,346 --> 00:01:17,051 But the worrying vision of the future need not be written in stone. 9 00:01:17,101 --> 00:01:20,888 It has long existed alternative to fossil fuels. 10 00:01:20,938 --> 00:01:27,103 We recently discovered a way to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere - 11 00:01:27,153 --> 00:01:31,774 - which gives us a chance to reverse climate change. 12 00:01:31,824 --> 00:01:35,445 If we manage to return climate change - 13 00:01:35,495 --> 00:01:40,283 - It would be an accomplishment that lacks in the history of humanity. 14 00:01:40,333 --> 00:01:42,869 But the clock is ticking. 15 00:01:42,919 --> 00:01:47,540 The researchers say we have to Take the measures immediately. 16 00:01:47,590 --> 00:01:52,879 The seriousness of the situation requires us listens to the impartial experts. 17 00:01:52,929 --> 00:01:58,551 They've presented facts like those have devoted their lives to developing. 18 00:01:58,601 --> 00:02:01,220 It's their turn to be heard. 19 00:02:01,270 --> 00:02:05,349 They are scientists, researchers and innovators - 20 00:02:05,399 --> 00:02:13,007 - who have found solutions for that preserve life in our common world. 21 00:02:14,867 --> 00:02:18,929 ROCKY MOUNTAINS COLORADO 22 00:02:29,006 --> 00:02:34,278 Some projects require manual sampling. 23 00:02:37,348 --> 00:02:41,410 One of them applies CO2 emissions over a longer period. 24 00:02:43,312 --> 00:02:50,086 Someone must venture out and take the test every Tuesday. 25 00:02:51,779 --> 00:02:57,468 I am the one who can go out with the snow car and make the measurements. 26 00:02:58,745 --> 00:03:03,307 The long-term protocol should be conducted as always. 27 00:03:04,625 --> 00:03:07,912 Monitoring and registering what we do with our atmosphere - 28 00:03:07,962 --> 00:03:10,456 - Is an important but difficult task. 29 00:03:10,506 --> 00:03:15,253 The last 50 years have dedicated researchers from all over the world - 30 00:03:15,303 --> 00:03:17,755 -rest every week to the same places- 31 00:03:17,805 --> 00:03:24,095 - to measure the greenhouse gases that causes climate change. 32 00:03:24,145 --> 00:03:27,849 We are at just over 3 400 meters, up on Niwot Ridge. 33 00:03:27,899 --> 00:03:31,352 It is located in the front edge of Rocky Mountains in Colorado. 34 00:03:31,402 --> 00:03:39,051 This NOAA station for long-term sampling of CO2 values. 35 00:03:40,828 --> 00:03:45,533 These glass cubes used to take the samples. 36 00:03:45,583 --> 00:03:50,872 When we have filled them with air We send them to our office. 37 00:03:50,922 --> 00:03:53,875 On NOAA's lab in Boulder the samples are analyzed 38 00:03:53,925 --> 00:03:57,420 - along with similar tubes from the rest of the world. 39 00:03:57,470 --> 00:04:01,924 The reason why the samples usually taken so high 40 00:04:01,974 --> 00:04:07,555 - is that the air is so well mixed here. The sample corresponds to the whole atmosphere. 41 00:04:07,605 --> 00:04:09,766 There is a small opening in the ceiling. 42 00:04:09,816 --> 00:04:14,729 When I turn on the pump sucked the air into the tubes. 43 00:04:14,779 --> 00:04:19,484 These measure the carbon cycle and the greenhouse gases 44 00:04:19,534 --> 00:04:23,637 -There CO2 and methane are the largest. 45 00:04:24,664 --> 00:04:30,519 When they took the first test in 1968 showed it at 322 ppm. 46 00:04:32,380 --> 00:04:35,291 We don't know what this sample shows yet- 47 00:04:35,341 --> 00:04:42,490 - but it's probably around 408. And that's an increase. 48 00:04:44,976 --> 00:04:50,039 Now I stop everything and everything do the work for next week's test. 49 00:05:05,329 --> 00:05:12,161 One of NOAA's assignments from the beginning was to measure CO2 in the atmosphere 50 00:05:12,211 --> 00:05:15,623 - and other gases which affects the carbon cycle. 51 00:05:15,673 --> 00:05:20,545 Two kinds of samples are collected weekly from all over the world. 52 00:05:20,595 --> 00:05:23,423 We want to see how the gases change over time. 53 00:05:23,473 --> 00:05:26,909 To do that, we take constantly new samples. 54 00:05:28,019 --> 00:05:31,597 Right now we have 60 collection points. 55 00:05:31,647 --> 00:05:37,520 The samples are mostly taken in remote places, far from inhabited areas. 56 00:05:37,570 --> 00:05:42,650 With this equipment we measure 57 00:05:42,700 --> 00:05:49,907 It's carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, molecular hydrogen 58 00:05:49,957 --> 00:05:52,744 - nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride. 59 00:05:52,794 --> 00:05:57,415 The system is running five days a week. 60 00:05:57,465 --> 00:06:02,086 I assemble the air samples the manifold and start the measurement. 61 00:06:02,136 --> 00:06:04,572 Then I can leave. 62 00:06:29,705 --> 00:06:33,910 I am the head of NOAA's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network. 63 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,455 The goal of the global network 64 00:06:37,505 --> 00:06:41,834 - is to produce data fully calibrated 65 00:06:41,884 --> 00:06:44,754 - carefully checked and documented. 66 00:06:44,804 --> 00:06:49,509 The information is equally reliable in a hundred years or more. 67 00:06:49,559 --> 00:06:56,516 So, according to climate change continues in the future 68 00:06:56,566 --> 00:07:01,312 - there is information for the researchers which they can rely on. 69 00:07:01,362 --> 00:07:04,691 Then they can diagnose what really happened 70 00:07:04,741 --> 00:07:08,677 - and how climate change really works. 71 00:07:09,579 --> 00:07:16,077 The modern CO2 measurements started by Dave Keeling- 72 00:07:16,127 --> 00:07:23,167 - at the oceanographic institution. In 1956 he took samples along the west coast. 73 00:07:23,217 --> 00:07:29,173 He saw that in the afternoon, wherever he was - 74 00:07:29,223 --> 00:07:32,009 - so was the concentration the same everywhere. 75 00:07:32,559 --> 00:07:35,972 Then he was struck by the thought that there may be something 76 00:07:36,022 --> 00:07:38,349 - We can call "Background concentration". 77 00:07:38,399 --> 00:07:43,146 He began regular measurements at Mauna Loa in Hawaii 78 00:07:43,196 --> 00:07:45,423 -and also on the Antarctic coast. 79 00:07:47,033 --> 00:07:52,864 Towards the end of the last ice age, between 20,000 and 11,000 years ago 80 00:07:52,914 --> 00:07:59,829 - increased CO2 levels by 80 ppm, from about 200 to 280. 81 00:07:59,879 --> 00:08:05,043 It went slow. It took 6,000 years for the CO2 level to rise by 80 ppm. 82 00:08:05,993 --> 00:08:07,236 Sixteen years. 83 00:08:08,721 --> 00:08:14,469 Before the industries arrived, before 1850, the CO2 level was around 280 ppm. 84 00:08:14,519 --> 00:08:18,931 And today we see an increase by 2 ppm per year. 85 00:08:18,981 --> 00:08:25,480 That increase is due 100 percent on man. 86 00:08:25,530 --> 00:08:32,528 The increase we see today, compared to the geological history 87 00:08:32,578 --> 00:08:35,264 - I should almost call an explosion. 88 00:08:36,999 --> 00:08:42,938 It is instant, from a geological time perspective. 89 00:08:46,759 --> 00:08:50,963 Carbon dioxide has risen dramatically since the industrial revolution. 90 00:08:51,013 --> 00:08:53,574 What does that really mean to us? 91 00:08:54,851 --> 00:08:59,889 We know too much carbon dioxide damages the climate. 92 00:08:59,939 --> 00:09:03,351 It changes the weather behavior and life support system - 93 00:09:03,401 --> 00:09:06,587 - which we depend on to survive. 94 00:09:08,406 --> 00:09:12,235 We have always known that toxicity associated with fossil fuels- 95 00:09:12,285 --> 00:09:16,197 - But we always thought that it would attack the human 96 00:09:16,247 --> 00:09:19,909 -or other living individuals. 97 00:09:19,959 --> 00:09:24,122 It is not until my lifetime 98 00:09:24,172 --> 00:09:26,749 - as it has become frighteningly obvious- 99 00:09:26,799 --> 00:09:31,671 - the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere has got the heat to rise. 100 00:09:31,721 --> 00:09:38,761 The greenhouse effect affects life on the planet as a whole. 101 00:09:38,811 --> 00:09:42,390 Once I understood it in the mid 90s 102 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:46,752 - we needed to start talking about it, which we have done since then. 103 00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:54,652 When we're talking about dangerous global warming 104 00:09:54,702 --> 00:10:01,993 - we mean when it's about two degrees Celsius warmer 105 00:10:02,043 --> 00:10:04,787 - compared with pre-industrial time. 106 00:10:04,837 --> 00:10:07,749 This is when we start to see the worst 107 00:10:07,799 --> 00:10:11,586 - and maybe irrevocably effects of climate change: 108 00:10:11,636 --> 00:10:16,924 Melting Polaris, which gives rising sea levels. 109 00:10:16,974 --> 00:10:22,972 Permanently dry at warmer latitudes and much more. 110 00:10:23,022 --> 00:10:27,060 It will be disaster about the larger ice melts 111 00:10:27,110 --> 00:10:30,897 - on Greenland and West Antarctica. 112 00:10:30,947 --> 00:10:35,151 Then all major coastal towns are affected in the world of flooding. 113 00:10:35,201 --> 00:10:36,944 The areas on land are decreasing. 114 00:10:36,994 --> 00:10:41,199 The result is environmental refugees, when people leave those regions. 115 00:10:41,249 --> 00:10:47,246 People leave the tropics because it gets too hot man. 116 00:10:47,296 --> 00:10:54,003 The crops in the tropics are affected the heat and production will decrease. 117 00:10:54,053 --> 00:10:57,673 In short, it becomes a world with less surface 118 00:10:57,723 --> 00:11:01,719 - less food and water, stuck with more people. 119 00:11:01,769 --> 00:11:06,123 That's the recipe for a national security disaster. 120 00:11:19,620 --> 00:11:25,159 I have worked with to measure carbon dioxide for over 30 years. 121 00:11:25,209 --> 00:11:30,081 If only we had done something ate this for 20 years ago- 122 00:11:30,131 --> 00:11:33,400 - I had done something else today, but I am left. 123 00:11:36,955 --> 00:11:40,091 Looking at the relationship between carbon dioxide and sea level 124 00:11:40,141 --> 00:11:43,052 - is there a couple of interesting moments: 125 00:11:43,102 --> 00:11:48,057 When CO2 levels rise to 400 ppm 126 00:11:48,107 --> 00:11:54,272 - the heat may loose large ice blocks from Antarctica and Greenland. 127 00:11:54,322 --> 00:11:57,650 The ice blocks are what we call marine based. 128 00:11:57,700 --> 00:12:01,696 The base of the ice deck in western Antarctica is below sea level 129 00:12:01,746 --> 00:12:04,282 - Because it is stuck in the sediment. 130 00:12:04,332 --> 00:12:07,285 Once it starts to melt it becomes a runaway train. 131 00:12:07,335 --> 00:12:09,895 No one knows how to stop it. 132 00:12:10,713 --> 00:12:15,109 We are dangerously close to it right now. 133 00:12:17,428 --> 00:12:22,341 The next threshold is around CO2 levels of 600-700 ppm. 134 00:12:22,391 --> 00:12:28,222 Then it is so hot that it does not exist some landis remain on the planet. 135 00:12:28,272 --> 00:12:32,001 Then the sea level becomes about 80 meters higher. 136 00:12:33,111 --> 00:12:38,883 We are heading for 600-700 ppm. 137 00:12:41,244 --> 00:12:47,033 It is an interesting threshold moment regarding our relationship with the planet. 138 00:12:47,083 --> 00:12:54,332 Should we press our climate system so much out of balance 139 00:12:54,382 --> 00:12:58,694 - that we risk to digest all landis? 140 00:13:10,064 --> 00:13:11,557 Yes, it has changed. 141 00:13:11,607 --> 00:13:16,270 Iceland's nature has been affected of climate change. 142 00:13:16,320 --> 00:13:19,982 It is clearly visible along the southern coast, for example. 143 00:13:20,032 --> 00:13:26,030 Our largest glacier, Vatnaj�kull, or the "water glacier" - 144 00:13:26,080 --> 00:13:28,741 - has decreased quite a bit. 145 00:13:28,791 --> 00:13:33,496 There is an interesting observation which everyone notices 146 00:13:33,546 --> 00:13:36,207 -When they drive along the southern coast today. 147 00:13:36,257 --> 00:13:41,796 When you drive over Iceland's longest bridge, which is almost a kilometer 148 00:13:41,846 --> 00:13:45,383 - You notice it almost There is no water underneath. 149 00:13:45,433 --> 00:13:52,748 Why are you building such a long bridge over almost no water at all? 150 00:13:54,108 --> 00:13:57,937 It depends on climate change. 151 00:13:57,987 --> 00:14:04,802 The river has changed direction because of the glacier's decline. 152 00:14:06,746 --> 00:14:11,909 Now we have a kind of monument- 153 00:14:11,959 --> 00:14:16,147 - which symbolizes the past. 154 00:14:29,894 --> 00:14:34,457 The Arctic is a changed place today. 155 00:14:35,233 --> 00:14:41,272 Here is the climate change impact as most extreme. 156 00:14:41,322 --> 00:14:45,193 The researchers notice that what is happening on the Arctic 157 00:14:45,243 --> 00:14:49,322 - has a big impact on the rest of the planet. 158 00:14:49,372 --> 00:14:53,576 I work with measuring greenhouse gases at the Arctic station 159 00:14:53,626 --> 00:14:58,247 - and to find out how vaxthusg 160 00:14:58,297 --> 00:15:01,709 I'm worried about it rising temperature in the region 161 00:15:01,759 --> 00:15:06,255 - and the impact it can have on all Arctic systems. 162 00:15:06,305 --> 00:15:10,885 I think that is extremely important to be aware of- 163 00:15:10,935 --> 00:15:15,556 - that the sea ice decreased and all other changes 164 00:15:15,606 --> 00:15:20,127 - can change the entire weather system, which has a global impact. 165 00:15:21,571 --> 00:15:28,219 We know the changes in the Arctic are not limited there. 166 00:15:30,872 --> 00:15:34,534 I have worked with the sea ice the past fifty years. 167 00:15:34,584 --> 00:15:39,372 The entire Arctic has changed very much during that time. 168 00:15:39,422 --> 00:15:43,418 Not enough that the ice has decreased in area. 169 00:15:43,468 --> 00:15:48,214 The decrease is really visible. The great ice creams from 170 00:15:48,264 --> 00:15:51,801 - with their ramparts of pack ice and very thick ice cover ... 171 00:15:51,851 --> 00:15:56,831 Much of it dramatic scenery is gone. 172 00:15:58,316 --> 00:16:04,063 I recently visited the Bering Sea for research purposes. 173 00:16:04,113 --> 00:16:08,426 In that region is usually found very melted, but we saw no one. 174 00:16:10,286 --> 00:16:15,324 HISTORICAL BLOCK ON THE SEA: 1.8 - 4.5 meters 175 00:16:15,374 --> 00:16:19,871 The ice was very thin, maybe just 30 centimeters thick. 176 00:16:19,921 --> 00:16:23,541 The North Sea is no longer a continent of ice. 177 00:16:23,591 --> 00:16:26,335 It's just water in the summer. 178 00:16:26,385 --> 00:16:30,798 It's a huge loss, not just by nature's beauty- 179 00:16:30,848 --> 00:16:36,054 - but also with regard to the physics of how the planet works. 180 00:16:36,104 --> 00:16:39,140 The ice disappears if the climate gets warmer. 181 00:16:39,190 --> 00:16:45,021 It is an obvious consequence, but is worse than that. 182 00:16:45,071 --> 00:16:48,399 There will be many chain reactions - 183 00:16:48,449 --> 00:16:54,680 - that affects the planet much more than only the ice creams decrease. 184 00:16:56,582 --> 00:17:00,328 The Arctic is heated three times faster than the rest of the world- 185 00:17:00,378 --> 00:17:05,416 - whereupon the temperature difference between The Arctic and lower latitudes decrease. 186 00:17:05,466 --> 00:17:09,629 That means the jet stream becomes weaker. 187 00:17:09,679 --> 00:17:13,925 It is weakened from to have been an almost straight line 188 00:17:13,975 --> 00:17:19,180 - to become more wavy and reach both north and south. 189 00:17:19,230 --> 00:17:24,727 This can mean that the polar air reaches down to lower latitude 190 00:17:24,777 --> 00:17:27,772 - Like that usually only when in a sector 191 00:17:27,822 --> 00:17:30,525 - but in the sector to the east or west of the 192 00:17:30,575 --> 00:17:34,404 - Hot air comes further north than it should. 193 00:17:34,454 --> 00:17:39,200 The result is the bizarre weather that people have talked about. 194 00:17:39,250 --> 00:17:44,122 When the air masses cause so extreme weather changes 195 00:17:44,172 --> 00:17:48,960 - it happens to be at the latitudes where most food is produced. 196 00:17:49,010 --> 00:17:55,116 Suddenly food production is affected of the polar changes. 197 00:17:56,809 --> 00:18:02,498 One cannot remove as much ice without affecting much else. 198 00:18:05,026 --> 00:18:11,757 Arctic's strongest sea ice divides the first time since the measurements began 199 00:18:13,576 --> 00:18:17,321 Consequences of our actions begin to show itself. 200 00:18:17,371 --> 00:18:22,243 Researchers' predictions rather than expected. 201 00:18:22,293 --> 00:18:28,332 We may experience storms, drought, floods and fires - 202 00:18:28,382 --> 00:18:32,545 - which is gradually becoming more and more intensive and unpredictable. 203 00:18:32,595 --> 00:18:37,717 NEW HEATING CORDS OVER ALL PLANET LAST WEEK 204 00:18:37,767 --> 00:18:43,931 THE WORLD BRINS AND SWIMMERS OVER CLIMATE CHANGES ARE HERE 205 00:18:43,981 --> 00:18:49,879 BURNS IN CALIFORNIA 2018 SEED FROM THE SPACE 206 00:18:53,616 --> 00:19:00,573 HOT HOT MONTH AS EVER HAVE BEEN RECALLED ON THE EARTH 207 00:19:00,623 --> 00:19:05,978 THE RESEARCHERS ONLY KNOW A CASE: IT WILL BE WORSE 208 00:19:16,848 --> 00:19:22,745 The fires began almost simultaneously in several places. 209 00:19:23,896 --> 00:19:29,852 More than 7,000 buildings were destroyed of which about 3,000 homes. 210 00:19:29,902 --> 00:19:32,772 In the beginning when the fires were like the worst 211 00:19:32,822 --> 00:19:38,444 - maybe evacuated 100,000 people. 212 00:19:38,494 --> 00:19:42,848 It is a collective trauma. 213 00:19:43,958 --> 00:19:47,078 It sounded and looked like a war zone. 214 00:19:47,128 --> 00:19:49,706 Hanley-fire reached here after 24 hours. 215 00:19:49,756 --> 00:19:52,667 It burned roughly same impression here in 24 hours. 216 00:19:52,717 --> 00:19:55,211 Near 200 buildings were burned down. 217 00:19:55,261 --> 00:19:59,799 This fire started in the evening and reached Santa Rosa in four hours. 218 00:19:59,849 --> 00:20:02,385 They cannot be compared, besides the prints. 219 00:20:02,435 --> 00:20:06,931 Commander who came here to lead the rescue work- 220 00:20:06,981 --> 00:20:10,435 - just shook his head: "I've never seen anything like it." 221 00:20:10,485 --> 00:20:12,353 "And I've been with a long time." 222 00:20:12,403 --> 00:20:19,027 It's hardly any comfort, But that's where we are now. 223 00:20:19,077 --> 00:20:24,407 With such winds, how do we protect citizens and infrastructure? 224 00:20:24,457 --> 00:20:29,120 What can we do to it? stop as good as possible? 225 00:20:29,170 --> 00:20:36,127 Where has suffered five years of drought who hit bushes and trees. 226 00:20:36,177 --> 00:20:42,925 The wind forces up at Geyser Peak measured at 48 meters per second. 227 00:20:42,975 --> 00:20:47,472 What to do when it blows so hard and a fire occurs? 228 00:20:47,522 --> 00:20:52,001 One can only try to figure out its direction and how fast it goes. 229 00:20:55,238 --> 00:20:58,441 I never thought that the fire would leave the mountains 230 00:20:58,491 --> 00:21:01,969 -and smooth Santa Rosa with the ground. 231 00:21:02,662 --> 00:21:05,114 Cars have been evicted. 232 00:21:05,164 --> 00:21:09,577 Large pieces of glowing coal 233 00:21:09,627 --> 00:21:13,498 - brought by the wind, a good bit in front of the fire. 234 00:21:13,548 --> 00:21:17,001 You see trees with broken branches. 235 00:21:17,051 --> 00:21:20,112 They have not been burned off, they were broken off. 236 00:21:21,722 --> 00:21:25,301 natural disasters has become so common now- 237 00:21:25,351 --> 00:21:28,554 - that people know that they will suffer. 238 00:21:28,604 --> 00:21:33,142 It's not the question, but when. 239 00:21:33,192 --> 00:21:39,023 It is an alarm clock for everyone. Climate change is here 240 00:21:39,073 --> 00:21:42,384 -and you have to plan for it. 241 00:21:47,582 --> 00:21:52,870 Climate change causes more species are endangered. 242 00:21:52,920 --> 00:21:56,332 But that's not the first time. 243 00:21:56,382 --> 00:22:01,754 Studies of geological findings has demonstrated a connection 244 00:22:01,804 --> 00:22:07,493 - between high carbon levels and the latest ones five periods of mass death. 245 00:22:08,686 --> 00:22:15,977 It's a natural law to carbon cycle affects the structure of life. 246 00:22:16,027 --> 00:22:19,272 Every time a massive increase of the colonies have taken place - 247 00:22:19,322 --> 00:22:24,277 - the motley weave of life has weakened and sometimes collapsed. 248 00:22:24,327 --> 00:22:30,825 MIT ATMOSPHERE AND PLANETARY RESEARCH 249 00:22:30,875 --> 00:22:36,998 I have worked with carbon cycle connection 250 00:22:37,048 --> 00:22:38,750 -with the presence of mass death 251 00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:43,195 - and whether the carbon cycle is unstable when it happens. 252 00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:49,886 The carbon cycle is there life and the environment interact. 253 00:22:49,936 --> 00:22:54,265 You can see it as a big one circular flow between photosynthesis 254 00:22:54,315 --> 00:22:57,727 - which is the process as takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere 255 00:22:57,777 --> 00:23:03,107 - converts it to oxygen and plant material or organic carbon. 256 00:23:03,157 --> 00:23:06,361 The reverse reaction in the circle is called respiration- 257 00:23:06,411 --> 00:23:12,266 - which is when the plant material converted to carbon dioxide. 258 00:23:13,459 --> 00:23:18,331 During a completed lap takes the carbon cycle around 100 gigatons of coal 259 00:23:18,381 --> 00:23:22,168 - from the atmosphere and the seas, and return it every year. 260 00:23:22,218 --> 00:23:26,255 So it's 100 gigatons out, and 100 gigatons back in. 261 00:23:26,305 --> 00:23:31,386 Of this, we contribute 8 percent, with fossil fuels. 262 00:23:31,436 --> 00:23:36,808 An increase of 8 percent compared to what had circulated normally. 263 00:23:36,858 --> 00:23:41,504 That's more than what the volcanoes supply the system. 264 00:23:53,583 --> 00:23:59,539 The planet is constantly working to restore the balances. 265 00:23:59,589 --> 00:24:02,709 It's the water cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. 266 00:24:02,759 --> 00:24:06,587 You can see it as a constant flow. 267 00:24:06,637 --> 00:24:11,092 One way for the planet to do it was to take everything 268 00:24:11,142 --> 00:24:15,471 - that was in the dinosaurs and the plants on land 269 00:24:15,521 --> 00:24:20,810 - and squeeze it together for oil and fossil fuels. 270 00:24:20,860 --> 00:24:27,108 It was hidden for a very long time, And we are a very young species. 271 00:24:27,158 --> 00:24:30,278 But we were curious and dug up 272 00:24:30,328 --> 00:24:35,158 - the coal that the earth had hidden away. 273 00:24:35,208 --> 00:24:40,413 Then we burned it up without understanding that it was like burning furniture 274 00:24:40,463 --> 00:24:43,232 - Indoors with closed windows. 275 00:24:44,175 --> 00:24:48,921 What happens is that the planet backs back. 276 00:24:48,971 --> 00:24:53,676 There is a surplus of coal in the atmosphere. 277 00:24:53,726 --> 00:24:58,639 It leads to the living conditions- 278 00:24:58,689 --> 00:25:02,226 - here on earth is put out of balance. 279 00:25:02,276 --> 00:25:06,481 As a biologist, when i see climate change 280 00:25:06,531 --> 00:25:11,361 - I see rising sea levels and melting polaris. 281 00:25:11,411 --> 00:25:13,804 I see that as evidence. 282 00:25:14,789 --> 00:25:20,828 But when we look at it how biological organisms 283 00:25:20,878 --> 00:25:26,901 - responds to the warmer temperatures, they have already started to move. 284 00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:31,506 They move towards the poles to cool down. 285 00:25:31,556 --> 00:25:35,760 They move upwards from lower mountain areas. 286 00:25:35,810 --> 00:25:39,013 Whole areas of distribution are moved. 287 00:25:39,063 --> 00:25:42,975 Sometimes they also move without their helpers. 288 00:25:43,025 --> 00:25:46,521 If a plant moves north does not cope with its pollinators. 289 00:25:46,571 --> 00:25:53,636 In a scientific, boring language you call it ecological disturbance. 290 00:25:54,871 --> 00:26:01,202 If we change the conditions who created all this ... 291 00:26:01,252 --> 00:26:08,734 Even us. Then we come ... It will track down. 292 00:26:11,971 --> 00:26:18,511 When the carbon cycle is unstable Do the things we don't understand. 293 00:26:18,561 --> 00:26:23,558 On the geological time scale are there events 294 00:26:23,608 --> 00:26:27,169 - within the carbon cycle, where things changed. 295 00:26:30,364 --> 00:26:37,221 One such was the paleocene eocene thermal maxima, 55 million years ago. 296 00:26:38,498 --> 00:26:43,494 Then there is much worse, disastrous events 297 00:26:43,544 --> 00:26:48,082 - in the form of mass extinction. The worst is called Perm-trias extinction. 298 00:26:48,132 --> 00:26:50,793 95% OF EVERY LIFE DOG OUT FOR 250 MILLION YEARS LATE 299 00:26:50,843 --> 00:26:56,090 Then the story looks, but we do doing today is another problem- 300 00:26:56,140 --> 00:26:58,676 - We know what is going on. 301 00:26:58,726 --> 00:27:04,682 We know that we have added CO2 by using fossil fuels. 302 00:27:04,732 --> 00:27:08,895 Then the question is whether it is at risk to induce similar events 303 00:27:08,945 --> 00:27:10,980 - as we have seen in the past. 304 00:27:11,030 --> 00:27:14,192 I would call it instability in the carbon cycle. 305 00:27:14,242 --> 00:27:18,905 When small changes turns into big changes. 306 00:27:18,955 --> 00:27:22,808 It is a scientific definition of a disaster. 307 00:27:24,168 --> 00:27:29,982 But at individual level is the loss of one's home a disaster. 308 00:27:43,626 --> 00:27:47,416 Climate change will cause the world's largest refugee crisis 309 00:27:59,366 --> 00:28:04,367 Climate change soon a threat to biodiversity 310 00:28:04,417 --> 00:28:09,580 Rising temperatures threaten to eradicate wild animals and plants 311 00:28:09,630 --> 00:28:15,420 Climate change is killing corals in the Great Barrier Reef 312 00:28:15,470 --> 00:28:22,701 The changes threaten ancient trees, But that's not all 313 00:28:35,531 --> 00:28:40,928 We are all climate refugees now 314 00:28:50,421 --> 00:28:55,209 We can still avoid it dangerous break point at two degrees. 315 00:28:55,259 --> 00:28:59,297 But for every year that we are passive- 316 00:28:59,347 --> 00:29:03,509 - it becomes increasingly difficult to limit our carbon emissions 317 00:29:03,559 --> 00:29:07,872 - and stay under the two-degree heating. 318 00:29:34,006 --> 00:29:37,735 UN climate conference 2015 Paris, France 319 00:29:40,346 --> 00:29:47,953 World leader celebrates the Paris Agreement: "A big step for humanity" 320 00:29:56,946 --> 00:30:04,553 KOLKLOCKAN: Time left before the budget is spent 321 00:30:17,133 --> 00:30:20,753 We know we've sent out too much carbon in the atmosphere. 322 00:30:20,803 --> 00:30:23,423 But how much is too much? 323 00:30:23,473 --> 00:30:26,843 The researchers have come up with what that figure is - 324 00:30:26,893 --> 00:30:32,473 - and has entered a carbon budget which shows what margin life has. 325 00:30:32,523 --> 00:30:37,854 The budget shows where we are today, how much more coal we can burn - 326 00:30:37,904 --> 00:30:45,052 - and how much must be removed to sustain life on earth. 327 00:30:47,789 --> 00:30:52,702 The biggest challenge is, according to me dangerous climate change. 328 00:30:52,752 --> 00:30:58,666 If we want to avoid dangerous climate change, we must realize 329 00:30:58,716 --> 00:31:03,629 - that atmosphere, like human waste disposal site has its limit. 330 00:31:03,679 --> 00:31:08,676 We can release about 800 gigatons of CO2 in the atmosphere 331 00:31:08,726 --> 00:31:12,096 -in that limit. 332 00:31:12,146 --> 00:31:18,895 But over the past five years have we already released 200 gigatons 333 00:31:18,945 --> 00:31:22,607 - which means that in two decades 334 00:31:22,657 --> 00:31:26,611 - We have already used up our limited space. 335 00:31:26,661 --> 00:31:33,701 In Paris it was important that the leaders of the whole world agreed 336 00:31:33,751 --> 00:31:38,289 - to limit the temperature increase well below two degrees. 337 00:31:38,339 --> 00:31:41,292 That's the safety margin and it is important- 338 00:31:41,342 --> 00:31:45,213 - that more than a hundred nations stand behind it. 339 00:31:45,263 --> 00:31:50,593 If you think of the volume in the ball symbolizes the CO2 340 00:31:50,643 --> 00:31:57,141 - still in the ground in the form of coal, oil and gas. 341 00:31:57,191 --> 00:32:00,311 Here we have the amount of coal. 342 00:32:00,361 --> 00:32:05,400 If we want to limit the increase up to two degrees globally 343 00:32:05,450 --> 00:32:10,571 - Let's just let go this is a little carbon in the atmosphere. 344 00:32:10,621 --> 00:32:15,410 At the same time we have much more coal left in the ground 345 00:32:15,460 --> 00:32:21,124 - not going out into the atmosphere about the increase should be kept below two degrees. 346 00:32:21,174 --> 00:32:23,459 The question is therefore how it should go together? 347 00:32:23,509 --> 00:32:28,673 The next 20 years are an enormously important time span. 348 00:32:28,723 --> 00:32:34,429 We must separate the financial growth from the growing emissions. 349 00:32:34,479 --> 00:32:38,558 At the middle of the century, we must be down in zero emissions 350 00:32:38,608 --> 00:32:43,688 - and after 2050 we need even negative emissions. 351 00:32:43,738 --> 00:32:47,650 The charcoal clock only informs humanity about where we stand today. 352 00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:53,823 It shows how we dispose of the limited space in the atmosphere. 353 00:32:53,873 --> 00:32:56,851 It's a huge challenge for Humanity. 354 00:33:08,346 --> 00:33:14,135 Science says the climate crisis is a problem we ourselves have created. 355 00:33:14,185 --> 00:33:17,388 But that's also a problem we can solve 356 00:33:17,438 --> 00:33:23,269 We must stop dropping coal and transition to renewable energy. 357 00:33:23,319 --> 00:33:28,775 It is also vital to remove carbon from the atmosphere. 358 00:33:28,825 --> 00:33:34,364 Climate change is possible turn back - if we act now. 359 00:33:34,414 --> 00:33:39,660 Research has found solutions that can reduce the amount of coal - 360 00:33:39,710 --> 00:33:42,455 - So we end up in level with pre-industrial time. 361 00:33:42,505 --> 00:33:45,875 NORWAY CALIFORNIA Redwood forest 362 00:33:45,925 --> 00:33:49,003 There are only two measures that helps the atmosphere. 363 00:33:49,053 --> 00:33:52,006 You either stop greenhouse gas 364 00:33:52,556 --> 00:33:54,717 - or you lower the CO2 level. That's all. 365 00:33:54,767 --> 00:33:59,680 The first one can be done through more efficient and cleaner energy. 366 00:33:59,730 --> 00:34:05,978 The second is through photosynthesis. Either through agriculture and forestry 367 00:34:06,028 --> 00:34:09,691 - or plankton and kelp in the seas. There are only two measures. 368 00:34:09,741 --> 00:34:12,944 That way it's pretty simple. 369 00:34:12,994 --> 00:34:19,492 Previously, all solutions have always just focused on energy. 370 00:34:19,542 --> 00:34:23,329 Energy, energy and energy, which is fully understandable. 371 00:34:23,379 --> 00:34:28,710 Of course it is a good idea to stop CO2 emissions. 372 00:34:28,760 --> 00:34:34,048 But when the emphasis has been put on clean energy sources such as sun and wind 373 00:34:34,998 --> 00:34:40,371 - He's almost ruled out the remaining solutions. 374 00:34:42,690 --> 00:34:44,183 Drawdown: 375 00:34:44,233 --> 00:34:48,187 To reverse climate change by pulling coal out of the atmosphere. 376 00:34:48,237 --> 00:34:54,277 The purpose of the drawdown was to redo the 80 solutions we had developed 377 00:34:54,327 --> 00:34:59,991 - could return global warming within 30 years. 378 00:35:00,041 --> 00:35:02,744 From reducing to turning down. 379 00:35:02,794 --> 00:35:07,832 The emission curve shows that we have a choice. 380 00:35:07,882 --> 00:35:12,754 If we increase the scope of some of the solutions- 381 00:35:12,804 --> 00:35:17,633 - we can achieve drawdown around 2050. 382 00:35:17,683 --> 00:35:25,166 I agree with the odds is against us, but I must take it. 383 00:35:53,886 --> 00:35:55,546 My name is Linwood Gill. 384 00:35:55,596 --> 00:36:00,259 I am the chief forest guard at Usal Redwood Forest Company. 385 00:36:00,309 --> 00:36:03,596 Usal Redwood Forest is a general forest 386 00:36:03,646 --> 00:36:07,975 - owned by the non-profit foundation Redwood Forest Foundation. 387 00:36:08,025 --> 00:36:10,520 The forest is 50,000 acres. 388 00:36:10,570 --> 00:36:17,443 The purpose is to preserve the forest, partly as an economic security 389 00:36:17,493 --> 00:36:23,366 - and to protect it natural environment for animals and fish 390 00:36:23,416 --> 00:36:26,452 - but also to remove coal out the atmosphere. 391 00:36:26,502 --> 00:36:31,833 It is one of ours main mission right now. 392 00:36:31,883 --> 00:36:37,380 It is an important part of the fight against climate change. 393 00:36:37,430 --> 00:36:41,259 Usal Redwood Forest is a very young redwood forest. 394 00:36:41,309 --> 00:36:47,498 Redwood can absorb more carbon than any other tree variety on the planet. 395 00:36:49,025 --> 00:36:56,441 Through their needles, the trees absorb carbon from the carbon dioxide in the air. 396 00:36:56,491 --> 00:37:02,739 Then the coal is stored in the trunk, roots and branches. 397 00:37:02,789 --> 00:37:08,227 As far as I know, this is here one of the country's largest coal projects. 398 00:37:15,593 --> 00:37:20,239 I am a bio fertilizer project manager at the Redwood Forest Foundation. 399 00:37:21,182 --> 00:37:24,886 We have great concerns here in California- 400 00:37:24,936 --> 00:37:29,098 - with over a hundred million dead trees. 401 00:37:29,148 --> 00:37:31,625 We have to do something about it. 402 00:37:33,319 --> 00:37:36,606 Here is a beetle called Western Pine Bark Beetle 403 00:37:36,656 --> 00:37:42,636 - who are living on chewing themselves yellow and also other trees. 404 00:37:43,329 --> 00:37:45,865 They have been here for thousands of years 405 00:37:45,915 --> 00:37:49,869 - and have lived in harmony with the trees. 406 00:37:49,919 --> 00:37:53,498 But because of climate change and the prolonged drought 407 00:37:53,548 --> 00:37:56,042 - has millions of trees become very weak 408 00:37:56,992 --> 00:38:00,546 - and has difficulty defending against the beetle. 409 00:38:00,596 --> 00:38:05,676 Bio fertilizer can be a way to attack the problem of beetles 410 00:38:05,726 --> 00:38:08,763 - and the dying trees in Sierra Nevada. 411 00:38:08,813 --> 00:38:14,644 Bio-fertilizer is a form of coal which is useful in farming 412 00:38:14,694 --> 00:38:18,214 -and gives a more prosperous soil. 413 00:38:21,242 --> 00:38:24,362 When dry distilling the wood biomass 414 00:38:24,412 --> 00:38:31,602 - half of the coal can The biomass is recovered as residual waste. 415 00:38:32,295 --> 00:38:39,001 The biomass helps the soil through to bind nutrients and water. 416 00:38:39,551 --> 00:38:43,381 It's more like a kind of construction who incubates life. 417 00:38:43,431 --> 00:38:46,426 Almost half are used of all the coal in the plant 418 00:38:46,476 --> 00:38:49,887 - which will be better use in cultivated soil. 419 00:38:49,937 --> 00:38:52,974 It is of enormous benefit for agriculture. 420 00:38:53,024 --> 00:38:56,477 We have large amounts of biomass need to be used. 421 00:38:56,527 --> 00:39:02,942 The trees constitute a fire hazard while the fires are raging in California. 422 00:39:02,992 --> 00:39:06,863 By producing bio fertilizer can we bring back some of the material 423 00:39:06,913 --> 00:39:09,073 - to the forests safely. 424 00:39:09,123 --> 00:39:16,539 Or we use the biomass in the valley, where water is really needed. 425 00:39:16,589 --> 00:39:23,838 One of the benefits of bio fertilizer is that it binds water in the soil. 426 00:39:23,888 --> 00:39:28,092 If we added biofertilizer in ten percent of the world's cultivation soil 427 00:39:28,142 --> 00:39:33,473 - we should isolate 29 billion tons of CO2. 428 00:39:33,523 --> 00:39:38,019 29 billion tons with ten percent. And just by using 429 00:39:38,669 --> 00:39:43,090 - "leftover residual material". It is significant. 430 00:39:44,992 --> 00:39:48,071 Then we have the climate compensations. 431 00:39:48,121 --> 00:39:51,866 For us to get them we must employ multiple 432 00:39:51,916 --> 00:39:55,828 - who works with the forest and can attest to the clients 433 00:39:55,878 --> 00:39:59,916 - that the coal we say we have actually there 434 00:39:59,966 --> 00:40:02,752 -and stays here in the future. 435 00:40:02,802 --> 00:40:06,214 I like to see ourselves as an example who can inspire others 436 00:40:06,264 --> 00:40:08,508 - to do the same as we do. 437 00:40:08,558 --> 00:40:10,468 This is not rocket research. 438 00:40:10,518 --> 00:40:14,722 Carbon storage becomes huge in the future. 439 00:40:14,772 --> 00:40:19,310 We need more and bigger forests. 440 00:40:19,360 --> 00:40:25,424 Forests that should never be felled and remain forever. 441 00:40:42,133 --> 00:40:46,170 My name is Kate Scow and I am a professor in land-air and water resources- 442 00:40:46,220 --> 00:40:48,423 - at the University of California, Davis. 443 00:40:48,473 --> 00:40:51,092 I am also an earth microbial ecologist. 444 00:40:51,142 --> 00:40:58,182 The carbon cycle globally involves both water and terrestrial systems. 445 00:40:58,232 --> 00:41:03,337 Soil is an important part of the terrestrial system. 446 00:41:04,655 --> 00:41:10,194 Soil contains 2-3 times more carbon compared to the atmosphere. 447 00:41:10,244 --> 00:41:15,116 The earth is the place there crops grow best. 448 00:41:15,166 --> 00:41:22,248 That means that everything that grows binds CO2 via photosynthesis 449 00:41:22,298 --> 00:41:27,920 - and miraculously creates a physical mass here on earth from air. 450 00:41:27,970 --> 00:41:30,114 It still fascinates me. 451 00:41:31,557 --> 00:41:36,971 The process captures coal, the plant binds CO2, it dies 452 00:41:37,021 --> 00:41:43,644 - the plant falls to the ground and becomes part of the carbon cycle. 453 00:41:43,694 --> 00:41:49,859 There is much more coal bound in the soil than in the atmosphere. 454 00:41:49,909 --> 00:41:56,491 Organic farms do not produce any nutrients from artificial manure. 455 00:41:56,541 --> 00:42:01,204 The manure consists of organic material. 456 00:42:01,254 --> 00:42:04,165 It can be medium crops or compost 457 00:42:04,215 --> 00:42:10,129 - as food, plant or animal remnants as you plow into the earth. 458 00:42:10,179 --> 00:42:13,216 In an organic farming system can you add- 459 00:42:13,266 --> 00:42:19,097 - eight times as much coal compared to a regular system. 460 00:42:19,147 --> 00:42:23,876 It's really quite simple. 461 00:42:25,945 --> 00:42:30,066 Climate change gives us the chance 462 00:42:30,116 --> 00:42:34,445 - to change our behavior on this planet. 463 00:42:34,495 --> 00:42:39,826 We know what we are capable of in the worst case, so now the question is ... 464 00:42:39,876 --> 00:42:47,108 If we deliberately want to be part of the healing process ... 465 00:42:49,635 --> 00:42:54,073 ... it can release our creativity. 466 00:42:55,516 --> 00:42:58,970 Then maybe you realize that you have a garden. 467 00:42:59,020 --> 00:43:03,541 "Oh my God," I have a park nearby. 468 00:43:04,567 --> 00:43:11,215 We should see ourselves as we helping to save the planet ... 469 00:43:13,201 --> 00:43:18,389 It is much better than seeing us like nasty little children with matches. 470 00:43:19,290 --> 00:43:26,205 Then you realize that we are all small pieces of the solution. 471 00:43:26,255 --> 00:43:29,751 Now we send directly from my mentor's house. 472 00:43:29,801 --> 00:43:33,212 The organic gardener Ron Finley. 473 00:43:33,262 --> 00:43:37,091 I always want to come here and learn different ways - 474 00:43:37,141 --> 00:43:42,638 - to use the small soil I have and grow as much as I can. 475 00:43:42,688 --> 00:43:46,225 Culinary climate measures is what I want to see. 476 00:43:46,275 --> 00:43:50,396 What I grow sucks out coal from the atmosphere. 477 00:43:50,446 --> 00:43:56,635 It shows that we can return it back into the earth again. 478 00:43:58,371 --> 00:44:03,201 It creates both green jobs and counteracts problems that- 479 00:44:03,251 --> 00:44:06,704 - diabetes and obesity in the area where I live. 480 00:44:06,754 --> 00:44:11,793 There are many plots and plenty of water available. 481 00:44:11,843 --> 00:44:15,254 It's for a good cause and gives a nice result. 482 00:44:15,304 --> 00:44:20,176 We pull out the toxins from the atmosphere 483 00:44:20,226 --> 00:44:23,388 - which we ourselves have released. 484 00:44:23,438 --> 00:44:27,183 Best way to transform them is to grow something edible. 485 00:44:27,233 --> 00:44:29,502 Grow on the roof, grow in the window. 486 00:44:30,778 --> 00:44:32,814 We know how it gets warmer. 487 00:44:32,864 --> 00:44:36,651 A farmer must have faith in the future. No doomsday mentality. 488 00:44:36,701 --> 00:44:41,197 You have to plant, water and believe that it will be a harvest. 489 00:44:41,247 --> 00:44:45,785 That is the discussion I want to see when we talk about changing the climate. 490 00:44:45,835 --> 00:44:51,065 It doesn't happen overnight, But we must start now. It's time. 491 00:45:12,737 --> 00:45:16,816 My name is Bren Smith and runs Thimble Island Ocean Farm. 492 00:45:16,866 --> 00:45:21,571 We are in the Thimble Islands in the Long Islands Sound. 493 00:45:21,621 --> 00:45:24,323 I grew up in Newfoundland in Canada- 494 00:45:24,373 --> 00:45:27,744 - jumped off the plug and have fished all over the planet. 495 00:45:27,794 --> 00:45:29,662 In Gloucester in Newfoundland 496 00:45:29,712 --> 00:45:32,415 - Then I worked on the Bering Sea for many years. 497 00:45:32,465 --> 00:45:35,543 Then the industrialized fishery went at high speed. 498 00:45:35,593 --> 00:45:38,796 We tore up whole ecosystems with our trawlers 499 00:45:38,846 --> 00:45:42,050 - and chased less and less fish all the way out to sea. 500 00:45:42,100 --> 00:45:44,177 It was completely unsustainable. 501 00:45:44,227 --> 00:45:49,457 Much of the fish I pulled up would be food at McDonald's. 502 00:45:50,858 --> 00:45:54,729 It was an alarm clock for many from my generation. 503 00:45:54,779 --> 00:45:58,399 I was out on the Bering Sea when the cod market crashed. 504 00:45:58,449 --> 00:46:02,737 Thousands of people became unemployed, factories were beaten again. 505 00:46:02,787 --> 00:46:07,241 It taught me that you can build a culture for several hundred years 506 00:46:07,291 --> 00:46:09,410 - But if you don't protects resources 507 00:46:09,460 --> 00:46:13,689 - can collapse the ecosystem delete everything in a few years. 508 00:46:15,425 --> 00:46:19,921 That was when we began to realize that problems like overfishing 509 00:46:19,971 --> 00:46:23,466 - and climate change are not environmental issues 510 00:46:23,516 --> 00:46:26,761 - for us who work at sea. They are financial problems. 511 00:46:26,811 --> 00:46:29,830 There is neither food nor jobs on a dead planet. 512 00:46:32,024 --> 00:46:36,938 When I realized it was unsustainable I began to look for sustainability. 513 00:46:36,988 --> 00:46:39,524 I retrained myself to oyster fishermen. 514 00:46:39,574 --> 00:46:43,778 The oysters taught me that nature have created constructions- 515 00:46:43,828 --> 00:46:47,115 - millions of years ago which alleviates our harmful effects. 516 00:46:47,165 --> 00:46:51,911 We do not need advanced technology. Nature gives us seaweed and seafood 517 00:46:51,961 --> 00:46:55,206 - that binds five times more carbon than terrestrial plants. 518 00:46:55,256 --> 00:47:00,294 An oyster filters 189 liters of water per day, which removes nitrogen. 519 00:47:00,344 --> 00:47:02,880 My job as the ocean's chieftain 520 00:47:02,930 --> 00:47:06,217 - is to take advantage of nature's constructions and cultivate them. 521 00:47:06,267 --> 00:47:08,428 It's pretty simple. 522 00:47:08,478 --> 00:47:14,809 It's great to grow restoration species is that nothing is required. 523 00:47:14,859 --> 00:47:20,690 No fresh water, no food, no manure and no land. 524 00:47:20,740 --> 00:47:23,926 It is the most sustainable food production on earth. 525 00:47:25,703 --> 00:47:29,032 Kelp is this beautiful seagrass. 526 00:47:29,882 --> 00:47:34,287 The gateway to the new kitchen. One of the fastest growing plants 527 00:47:34,337 --> 00:47:37,498 - and sucks up five times more carbon than terrestrial plants. 528 00:47:37,548 --> 00:47:40,043 It's called Sea Sequoia. 529 00:47:40,933 --> 00:47:46,674 Kelp is just the beginning. There is 10,000 edible plants in the seas. 530 00:47:46,724 --> 00:47:49,802 Parts of the plant we can make kelp noodles. 531 00:47:49,852 --> 00:47:56,351 Then this can be manure and animal feed. 532 00:47:56,401 --> 00:48:02,732 If cows eat seaweed feed decreases methane emissions by 90 percent. 533 00:48:02,782 --> 00:48:07,945 Still, cows, sheep and goats have eaten kelp for hundreds of years. 534 00:48:07,995 --> 00:48:10,573 On the Hebrides, in Maine and elsewhere. 535 00:48:10,623 --> 00:48:15,495 There are incredible volumes. We can produce 20 tons of kelp per acre 536 00:48:15,545 --> 00:48:20,500 - and 150,000 seafood. Imagine this in larger scale 537 00:48:20,550 --> 00:48:24,504 - to an area of Washington state. Then you can give the whole world food. 538 00:48:24,554 --> 00:48:29,217 Take five percent of US territorial waters and 539 00:48:29,267 --> 00:48:31,594 - 50 million new jobs are created 540 00:48:31,644 --> 00:48:36,624 - and coal equivalent 20 million cars are bound. 541 00:48:38,109 --> 00:48:41,020 Our crops also soften acidification of the oceans. 542 00:48:41,070 --> 00:48:44,190 Kelp creates a so-called halo effect 543 00:48:44,240 --> 00:48:50,446 - which reduces acidification. Then oysters and other seafood 544 00:48:50,496 --> 00:48:56,477 - easier to get thicker shells which protects better against acidification. 545 00:48:57,503 --> 00:49:03,501 Some said that climate change would take a hundred years. 546 00:49:03,551 --> 00:49:05,086 But it happens here and now. 547 00:49:05,136 --> 00:49:09,132 As a fisherman we are lucky to be able to move to something similar. 548 00:49:09,182 --> 00:49:12,760 I'm proud to help to arrange food for my country. 549 00:49:12,810 --> 00:49:19,083 Maybe I'm part of that army who will save the planet. 550 00:49:30,661 --> 00:49:36,242 If we send out ten large units CO2 in the atmosphere. 551 00:49:36,292 --> 00:49:38,494 -And about stay there. 552 00:49:38,544 --> 00:49:43,041 2.5 of them end up in plants and 2.5 ports in the sea. 553 00:49:43,091 --> 00:49:47,128 If the sea is acidified, what do you do about it? 554 00:49:47,178 --> 00:49:51,758 Nature takes care of the problem by making more seafood. 555 00:49:51,808 --> 00:49:56,387 It is the theory of marine snow, that small animals grow in the water 556 00:49:56,437 --> 00:49:59,766 - They have calcium shells falling down. 557 00:49:59,816 --> 00:50:05,772 The problem is that the planet wants it a perspective of millions of years. 558 00:50:05,822 --> 00:50:08,066 We don't. 559 00:50:08,116 --> 00:50:12,636 So the question is if you can speed up the process? 560 00:50:17,542 --> 00:50:20,703 We need to examine all options. 561 00:50:20,753 --> 00:50:25,249 There is more experimental hypotheses that need to be tested. 562 00:50:25,299 --> 00:50:32,948 A solution can be found in it microscopic life cycle marine snow. 563 00:50:34,225 --> 00:50:37,178 What do we need? 564 00:50:37,228 --> 00:50:40,890 We need this planet as it was before. 565 00:50:40,940 --> 00:50:45,520 We must regain it in that condition It was 200 years ago. 566 00:50:45,570 --> 00:50:51,359 Higher levels of CO2 increases the acidification of the oceans. 567 00:50:51,409 --> 00:50:56,739 The garden then loses its ability to suck up coal from the atmosphere. 568 00:50:56,789 --> 00:50:59,617 We have to do something about it. 569 00:50:59,667 --> 00:51:05,164 We must help those systems circulating carbon 570 00:51:05,214 --> 00:51:11,963 - between the atmosphere, the plants on land and seas. 571 00:51:12,013 --> 00:51:18,619 And with marine snow just need some help from us. 572 00:51:19,353 --> 00:51:26,144 The most important thing is to remove CO2 and produce oxygen. 573 00:51:26,194 --> 00:51:31,941 What we can do is to add minimal amounts 574 00:51:31,991 --> 00:51:36,404 - iron in the seas. Very little. 575 00:51:36,454 --> 00:51:41,325 It has nothing to do with the term fertilizer. 576 00:51:41,375 --> 00:51:46,205 To give you an idea just need six kilos of iron 577 00:51:46,255 --> 00:51:52,295 - to start the process in 100,000 square kilometers of the sea. 578 00:51:52,345 --> 00:51:55,381 The cells create an organic parent tissue 579 00:51:55,431 --> 00:52:01,512 - Which is why the design of marine snow. 580 00:52:01,562 --> 00:52:05,099 When the mother tissue arises- 581 00:52:05,149 --> 00:52:10,063 - it attracts cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria 582 00:52:10,113 --> 00:52:14,008 - which colonizes the particles and then actively growing. 583 00:52:15,118 --> 00:52:18,112 Then we let them take care of themselves - 584 00:52:18,162 --> 00:52:24,660 - Because they can take very long time. 585 00:52:24,710 --> 00:52:29,356 We can trace the marine snow particles for more than four months. 586 00:52:30,049 --> 00:52:34,128 They can float around and suck organic matter 587 00:52:34,178 --> 00:52:40,075 - and when they get too heavy they sink to the bottom of the sea. 588 00:52:42,228 --> 00:52:48,226 Speed of change, increased levels and temperatures 589 00:52:48,276 --> 00:52:51,979 - make sure we have to act while we can. 590 00:52:52,229 --> 00:52:57,652 I'm absolutely sure that we can succeed with ... 591 00:52:57,702 --> 00:53:05,142 ... to get man to cooperate with nature, do not oppose it. 592 00:53:14,427 --> 00:53:19,340 Science has long been proven that we have technology that works. 593 00:53:19,390 --> 00:53:22,176 -and that it's already used. 594 00:53:22,226 --> 00:53:26,139 It's just a matter of political will and size. 595 00:53:26,189 --> 00:53:31,269 We need a lot of solutions going forward in parallel. 596 00:53:31,319 --> 00:53:33,521 To solve the crisis 597 00:53:33,571 --> 00:53:38,843 - We need to move on one hundred percent renewable energy now. 598 00:53:39,577 --> 00:53:46,225 Of the top five solutions ended up coastal wind power in second place. 599 00:53:47,543 --> 00:53:52,874 COASTAL WIND POWER PLANT ORKNEY ISLANDS, SCOTLAND 600 00:53:52,924 --> 00:53:59,447 Wind power is more efficient than solar power, which was a surprise. 601 00:54:03,601 --> 00:54:07,913 Solar power will be in place eight out of ten. 602 00:54:11,609 --> 00:54:17,398 The sun is the largest resource we have. Everything else fades in comparison. 603 00:54:17,448 --> 00:54:20,568 We've known that for a long time, but we have never been able to 604 00:54:20,618 --> 00:54:23,905 - extract it economically. It has changed now. 605 00:54:23,955 --> 00:54:28,659 Solar energy is already cheaper than fossil fuels. 606 00:54:28,709 --> 00:54:33,373 Already installed in the 80s Jimmy Carter solar cells at the White House. 607 00:54:33,423 --> 00:54:35,875 Then Reagan took them away. 608 00:54:35,925 --> 00:54:42,131 Not until 2001, when Germany started with solar energy in larger scale 609 00:54:42,181 --> 00:54:45,927 - we could start to benefit from economy in large scale. 610 00:54:45,977 --> 00:54:52,517 In the end, we can provide the whole electricity grid with solar and wind power. 611 00:54:52,567 --> 00:54:57,463 We just need it be able to store wind and sun. 612 00:54:59,157 --> 00:55:02,735 If you want to cater for the whole US electricity demand with solar cell alone 613 00:55:02,785 --> 00:55:06,114 - we would need a surface on 77,700 square kilometers. 614 00:55:06,164 --> 00:55:12,728 The energy from there would suffice electricity networks in all states throughout the United States. 615 00:55:15,173 --> 00:55:19,752 Mount Signal is a project that provides electricity to 70,000 households in San Diego. 616 00:55:19,802 --> 00:55:25,574 The second phase of the energy will sent to Southern California. 617 00:55:27,018 --> 00:55:32,849 The cost of electricity from Mount Signal is lower than electricity from fossil fuels. 618 00:55:32,899 --> 00:55:38,421 The cost is also safe for use. 619 00:55:39,238 --> 00:55:42,608 The price is fixed the next 25 years. 620 00:55:42,658 --> 00:55:47,972 It is not offered from fossil energy sources. 621 00:55:48,664 --> 00:55:51,951 We have already integrated much solar power in California. 622 00:55:52,001 --> 00:55:54,662 Ten years ago, people said that it was impossible- 623 00:55:54,712 --> 00:56:00,543 - but today solar energy already covers up to 25% of California's needs. 624 00:56:00,593 --> 00:56:06,174 Taxpayers got none increased costs and everything works. 625 00:56:06,224 --> 00:56:10,286 And we got reduced carbon emissions in the purchase. 626 00:56:15,483 --> 00:56:20,355 Lately, state works offered to buy solar cells. 627 00:56:20,405 --> 00:56:23,566 The attitude is changing. 628 00:56:23,616 --> 00:56:27,070 We still underestimate the value of solar cells. 629 00:56:27,120 --> 00:56:32,658 People do not know that in five years are the solar cells much cheaper- 630 00:56:32,708 --> 00:56:35,661 -and can be used at night. 631 00:56:35,711 --> 00:56:37,872 In combination with wind power 632 00:56:37,922 --> 00:56:41,417 - we can live in an environment with 100 percent renewable energy. 633 00:56:41,467 --> 00:56:46,422 It is fully feasible. No new inventions are required. 634 00:56:46,472 --> 00:56:48,341 We already have the technology. 635 00:56:48,391 --> 00:56:53,346 We just have to make sure that those responsible for 636 00:56:53,396 --> 00:56:57,100 - planning of resource use and infrastructure 637 00:56:57,150 --> 00:57:03,923 - Understands this technology becomes cheaper over time. 638 00:57:08,244 --> 00:57:13,783 The coal is coming back. Clean coal, 100 percent. 639 00:57:13,833 --> 00:57:18,162 My government is stopping for the war against the coal. 640 00:57:18,212 --> 00:57:22,858 We should have clean coal. Really clean. 641 00:57:24,719 --> 00:57:27,255 Think Progress: Clean energy employs multiple 642 00:57:27,305 --> 00:57:30,783 - than fossil fuels do, in almost all states 643 00:57:32,018 --> 00:57:33,511 The Independent: 644 00:57:33,561 --> 00:57:37,390 World-leading carbon company closes 37 mines when solar prices fall 645 00:57:37,440 --> 00:57:39,583 Fossil producers under pressure 646 00:57:41,486 --> 00:57:46,357 Solar energy beats its own record with the cheapest electricity- 647 00:57:46,407 --> 00:57:51,029 - "compared with all other technologies ever " 648 00:57:51,779 --> 00:57:54,657 It can be difficult to communicate science to the public. 649 00:57:54,707 --> 00:57:57,452 Today, we assume the challenge 650 00:57:57,502 --> 00:58:03,124 - and adds an extra effort behind. 651 00:58:03,174 --> 00:58:07,003 Interest groups funded of fossil fuel operators 652 00:58:07,553 --> 00:58:09,630 -designs climate discussion- 653 00:58:09,680 --> 00:58:13,009 - to confuse the public and the decision makers. 654 00:58:13,559 --> 00:58:15,261 We must transform the entire energy sector - 655 00:58:15,311 --> 00:58:18,973 - quit fossil fuels and switch to renewable energy. 656 00:58:19,023 --> 00:58:24,020 But it gets pretty awkward for the powerful fossil industry 657 00:58:24,070 --> 00:58:29,233 - who have invested millions of dollars in creating a dependency on them. 658 00:58:29,283 --> 00:58:32,528 They have struggled hard to maintain that dependency. 661 00:58:45,341 --> 00:58:48,294 We are often asked how we can know 662 00:58:48,344 --> 00:58:52,298 - that the increased CO2 level in the atmosphere depends on human activity. 663 00:58:52,348 --> 00:58:57,203 The answer is that we leave climate footprints after us, around the atmosphere. 664 00:58:58,771 --> 00:59:05,436 One such imprint is called carbon-14, or radioactive carbon. 665 00:59:05,486 --> 00:59:11,109 When we burn coal, oil and gas we leave an imprint in the atmosphere 666 00:59:11,159 --> 00:59:15,947 -of what we call negative carbon-14. 667 00:59:15,997 --> 00:59:20,451 Because fossil fuels are so old there is no carbon 14 left anymore. 668 00:59:20,501 --> 00:59:25,456 We can specify the quantity with precision fossil fuels we consume 669 00:59:25,506 --> 00:59:27,917 - by measuring C-14 in the atmosphere. 670 00:59:27,967 --> 00:59:33,322 It is nature's own verification systems we use. 671 00:59:36,350 --> 00:59:40,888 They have convinced enough and have enough 672 00:59:40,938 --> 00:59:45,643 - to make it even more difficult than it was before 673 00:59:45,693 --> 00:59:49,272 - to address climate change. It's so depressing. 674 00:59:49,322 --> 00:59:55,653 The agenda of many of them fossil fuel companies 675 00:59:55,703 --> 01:00:01,034 - is malicious in view of the devastation that affects our planet. 677 01:00:08,466 --> 01:00:12,754 I think parts of it well-financed climate denial 678 01:00:12,804 --> 01:00:15,631 - performed by people who really know better- 679 01:00:15,681 --> 01:00:20,703 - is a crime against humanity. They should be brought to justice in The Hague. 680 01:00:29,153 --> 01:00:32,940 While the climate deniers has managed to delay the action - 681 01:00:32,990 --> 01:00:36,319 - has a lot more ominous problem appeared. 682 01:00:36,369 --> 01:00:43,368 Recently, researchers have seen elevated levels levels of methane in the atmosphere. 683 01:00:43,418 --> 01:00:46,788 Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas 684 01:00:46,838 --> 01:00:50,958 - with the potential to enhance further temperatures. 685 01:00:51,008 --> 01:00:56,089 An increase in methane suggests that we are approaching a critical point. 686 01:00:56,139 --> 01:00:58,132 But where does the gas come from? 687 01:00:58,182 --> 01:01:02,512 And how much does it accelerate climate disruption? 688 01:01:02,562 --> 01:01:05,289 The researchers are stressing to find out. 689 01:01:11,362 --> 01:01:15,817 This is the University of Wyomings mobile laboratory. 690 01:01:15,867 --> 01:01:21,989 Here are instruments that measure what is in the air we breathe now. 691 01:01:22,039 --> 01:01:27,912 That way we can track emissions and gases 692 01:01:27,962 --> 01:01:31,999 - and find out were the sources of the emissions 693 01:01:32,049 --> 01:01:35,653 - And what leads to elevated methane levels. 694 01:01:38,181 --> 01:01:40,466 Inside the lab There are a couple of instruments. 695 01:01:40,516 --> 01:01:44,220 Here is a Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spec. 696 01:01:44,270 --> 01:01:48,307 It measures volatile organic matter such as benzene and toluene. 697 01:01:48,357 --> 01:01:53,563 Here is a Picarro Cavity Ring-Down that measures the methane concentration. 698 01:01:53,613 --> 01:01:57,775 We can read all the data from real-time instruments 699 01:01:57,825 --> 01:02:04,240 - thanks to an intake on top of the car that draws in air to the instruments. 700 01:02:04,290 --> 01:02:09,912 After the measurements we arrived that we have more methane sources 701 01:02:09,962 --> 01:02:14,500 - in areas where we extract the gas, than we had expected. 702 01:02:14,550 --> 01:02:17,795 To be able to specify where the methane leaks are- 703 01:02:17,845 --> 01:02:20,798 - one must be near the sources. 704 01:02:20,848 --> 01:02:26,120 The mobile lab helps us to locate the largest leaks. 705 01:02:27,647 --> 01:02:31,059 The company has opened a brand new facility. 706 01:02:31,109 --> 01:02:36,898 22 new gas sources have been drilled in the middle of the settlement in Western Greeley. 707 01:02:36,948 --> 01:02:41,385 The facility has been controversial, regarding size and location. 708 01:02:46,374 --> 01:02:52,622 It is said that society does not have been able to keep up with what is going on there. 709 01:02:52,672 --> 01:02:55,375 A high sound level surrounds the business- 710 01:02:55,425 --> 01:03:01,172 - And the state probably doesn't do its best to facilitate communication. 711 01:03:01,222 --> 01:03:06,511 We saw a lot of flames, which indicates large volumes of gas. 712 01:03:06,561 --> 01:03:11,349 The yellow color of the flame shows that it is not full combustion. 713 01:03:11,399 --> 01:03:15,311 We shall continue to investigate the sources 715 01:03:20,074 --> 01:03:24,612 Some oil and gas producing regions have such a large 716 01:03:24,662 --> 01:03:28,825 - concentration of methane in the air that it is visible from space. 717 01:03:28,875 --> 01:03:34,080 It happened a few years ago in the region of the four corners. 718 01:03:34,130 --> 01:03:38,376 That's the key for us when to find out 720 01:03:53,524 --> 01:03:59,731 In 2014, NASA researchers identified in collaboration with NOAA- 721 01:03:59,781 --> 01:04:03,151 - University of Michigan and other researchers 722 01:04:03,201 --> 01:04:08,197 - a methane cloud like Delaware in the region of the four corners. 723 01:04:08,247 --> 01:04:14,871 It is the largest accumulation methane gas throughout the United States. 724 01:04:14,921 --> 01:04:19,876 This ranch, where we are now, is the approximate zero point. 725 01:04:19,926 --> 01:04:26,007 If you could find the midpoint on the Delaware-shaped cloud 726 01:04:26,557 --> 01:04:28,426 - It would very well be here. 727 01:04:28,476 --> 01:04:32,930 One has been identified that the cause of methane cloud 728 01:04:32,980 --> 01:04:38,728 - mainly emissions in connection with drilling 729 01:04:38,778 --> 01:04:43,340 - as well as emissions from coal and other fossil fuels. 730 01:04:45,368 --> 01:04:51,991 The methane cloud was identified by the technology that NOAA and NASA had 731 01:04:52,041 --> 01:04:54,994 - due FLIR camera arrival. 732 01:04:55,044 --> 01:05:01,167 There are infrared cameras that look leaks, emissions and flames 733 01:05:01,217 --> 01:05:03,753 - which causes the methane cloud to grow. 734 01:05:03,803 --> 01:05:10,134 You have to see the whole picture. It has been at least 60 years 735 01:05:10,184 --> 01:05:17,308 - of leaks, emissions and burning here in the San Jaun sink. 736 01:05:17,358 --> 01:05:23,815 Over 30,000 sources has got methane cloud 737 01:05:23,865 --> 01:05:27,694 - to accumulate and provide evidence for 738 01:05:27,744 --> 01:05:33,032 - what drilling for natural gas leads to ultimately. 739 01:05:33,082 --> 01:05:38,496 People do not know common sources has created methane cloud 740 01:05:38,546 --> 01:05:42,024 - and that they themselves daily have been accomplices. 741 01:05:46,512 --> 01:05:51,718 This is a common gas source. This equipment is available 742 01:05:51,768 --> 01:05:55,930 - throughout the San Juan sink and on many other gas fields in the United States. 743 01:05:55,980 --> 01:06:00,351 This leaks considerably from the standard parts on it. 744 01:06:00,401 --> 01:06:06,816 All that is needed here is a wrench and a little teflon tape. 745 01:06:06,866 --> 01:06:09,318 A little review would fix the leak. 746 01:06:09,368 --> 01:06:16,784 I wish I could ask investors in gas and oil here 747 01:06:16,834 --> 01:06:20,288 - where I stand and let them see that leak. 748 01:06:20,338 --> 01:06:24,292 Let them multiply it with 18,000 in the San Juan sink 749 01:06:24,342 --> 01:06:28,546 - and make them stop obstructing a federal rule 750 01:06:28,596 --> 01:06:32,550 - protect my family, protect taxpayers in New Mexico 751 01:06:32,600 --> 01:06:37,680 - and offer fair and equal protection in all states. 752 01:06:37,730 --> 01:06:42,185 Get them out of the boardroom and come here- 753 01:06:42,235 --> 01:06:45,938 - and let them look at the leak which is so easy to cook. 754 01:06:45,988 --> 01:06:50,276 When I was told that environmental manager Scott Pruitt- 755 01:06:50,326 --> 01:06:54,030 - knew that there were facts 756 01:06:54,080 --> 01:06:57,700 - that strengthened methane and other leaking chemicals 757 01:06:57,750 --> 01:07:01,788 - are more harmful to children than they are for me. 758 01:07:01,838 --> 01:07:08,544 Then I became so angry that he wanted prevent federal protection for us. 759 01:07:08,594 --> 01:07:15,218 If anyone came to my ranch with intent to harm my child 760 01:07:15,268 --> 01:07:17,995 -It would be over my dead body. 761 01:07:31,492 --> 01:07:38,324 250 million years ago became one secondary effect of methane emissions 762 01:07:38,374 --> 01:07:42,912 - that much of life on the ground died out. 763 01:07:42,962 --> 01:07:46,249 Now it is discussed around the methane found in the Arctic 764 01:07:46,299 --> 01:07:50,378 - in the permafrost or in the sea of the world. 765 01:07:50,428 --> 01:07:57,868 How fast can methane be mobilized and how destructive it becomes? 766 01:07:58,603 --> 01:08:04,767 Release of ancient methane can lead to even more warming. 767 01:08:04,817 --> 01:08:08,730 Will the methane be created an apocalyptic scenario? 768 01:08:08,780 --> 01:08:13,651 It's a question that researchers have desperately trying to answer. 769 01:08:13,701 --> 01:08:18,531 I am the head of the Center for Gas Hydrate, Environment & Climate. 770 01:08:18,581 --> 01:08:23,036 We are a team with 50-60 researchers who works to understand us- 771 01:08:23,086 --> 01:08:27,498 - what impact methane has on the global climate system. 772 01:08:27,548 --> 01:08:33,838 Methane is stored below The bottom of the Arctic Ocean 773 01:08:33,888 --> 01:08:38,926 - in places we sometimes know, but we usually don't know much about them. 774 01:08:38,976 --> 01:08:45,975 We apply geophysical methods to quantify the reservoirs 775 01:08:46,025 --> 01:08:51,797 - and to see how stable The methane hydrates are today and later. 777 01:08:57,912 --> 01:09:01,532 Fortunately, methane has a short lifetime. 778 01:09:01,582 --> 01:09:07,455 The earth has a natural system which regulates the supply of methane 779 01:09:07,505 --> 01:09:10,291 -from the garden and out into the atmosphere. 780 01:09:10,341 --> 01:09:13,169 The system works quite well 781 01:09:13,219 --> 01:09:17,673 - but it changes, because the ocean currents change 782 01:09:17,723 --> 01:09:22,762 - just like the garden temperature and the garden chemistry is changing. 783 01:09:22,812 --> 01:09:26,808 The methane was in a kind of equilibrium mode 784 01:09:26,858 --> 01:09:32,438 - but in recent years we have seen a large increase in methane. 785 01:09:32,488 --> 01:09:35,274 We don't know where it comes from. 786 01:09:35,324 --> 01:09:40,780 Of course it puts it pressure on science 787 01:09:40,830 --> 01:09:45,868 - to give politicians an answer regarding methane in the atmosphere. 788 01:09:45,918 --> 01:09:51,874 Where does the methane come from? What else becomes unstable at present? 789 01:09:51,924 --> 01:09:56,421 We have presented some clear campaigns where we have measured 790 01:09:56,471 --> 01:10:02,844 - by the seabed, in the sea, at the sea surface and in the air, 791 01:10:02,894 --> 01:10:08,433 - to understand how methane is regulated throughout the system. 792 01:10:08,483 --> 01:10:11,394 There is a lot methane stored in the seabed. 793 01:10:11,444 --> 01:10:16,107 So much to the slightest change can have an impact 794 01:10:16,157 --> 01:10:20,028 - on the ocean or the atmosphere. 795 01:10:20,078 --> 01:10:22,488 META MEASUREMENTS IN NORWAY ISHAVET 796 01:10:22,538 --> 01:10:26,909 The balance here needs more focus and more observations- 797 01:10:26,959 --> 01:10:33,524 - where you combine atmospheric, sea and climate competence. 798 01:10:35,635 --> 01:10:41,424 In my profession I study how methane seeps into the sea 799 01:10:41,474 --> 01:10:44,218 -In the Russian Sea and in the Barents Sea. 800 01:10:44,268 --> 01:10:47,680 It is simply gas bubbles rising from the seabed. 801 01:10:47,730 --> 01:10:52,310 The bubbles consist mostly of methane gas. 802 01:10:52,360 --> 01:10:58,507 First we have gas hydrates which is in solid form and similar to ice. 803 01:10:59,909 --> 01:11:04,305 The gas is also available in free form, which becomes gas bubbles. 804 01:11:05,081 --> 01:11:07,533 The plumes of methane bubbles may vary. 805 01:11:07,583 --> 01:11:14,023 In some places they can be 800-900 meters long. 806 01:11:15,716 --> 01:11:19,337 Depth in these areas is just over 1,200 meters. 807 01:11:19,387 --> 01:11:25,051 In shallower water reaches the bubbles almost up to the surface. 808 01:11:25,101 --> 01:11:29,555 The East Siberian Sea is definitely interesting when studying methane 809 01:11:29,605 --> 01:11:31,599 -As it is so shallow there. 810 01:11:31,649 --> 01:11:37,355 There is a great chance to the methane bubbles reach the surface. 811 01:11:37,405 --> 01:11:44,595 In some areas, such as Spetsbergen, There is methane that almost reaches the surface. 812 01:11:50,877 --> 01:11:53,830 We've warmed up the atmosphere so much - 813 01:11:53,880 --> 01:11:57,441 -We've started melting the Arctic. 814 01:11:58,134 --> 01:12:03,297 Potentially, we are facing an abrupt climate scenario. 815 01:12:03,347 --> 01:12:07,844 Today's calculations show that we passes the Paris agreement with raw 816 01:12:07,894 --> 01:12:10,430 up to five degrees and more. 817 01:12:10,480 --> 01:12:16,227 It triggers even more disastrous events. 818 01:12:16,277 --> 01:12:21,607 The heating can lead to big ones supplement of methane in the atmosphere. 819 01:12:21,657 --> 01:12:25,528 It should really worry us. 820 01:12:25,578 --> 01:12:29,824 I want to add that it is one of many possible stressors. 821 01:12:29,874 --> 01:12:35,204 We are approaching a high-risk situation where we lack experience. 822 01:12:35,254 --> 01:12:39,066 We don't know how should deal with it. 823 01:12:43,971 --> 01:12:45,465 PERMAFROST: 824 01:12:45,515 --> 01:12:52,288 Land that has been constantly frozen and containing methane and CO2 825 01:13:00,154 --> 01:13:04,942 Permafrost and methane are great concerns. 826 01:13:04,992 --> 01:13:11,699 I think we should be more attentive 827 01:13:11,749 --> 01:13:16,270 - on methane in general, in relation to the climate problems. 829 01:13:24,554 --> 01:13:28,007 The risk is that you passing the breakpoint 830 01:13:28,057 --> 01:13:33,496 - where it then becomes difficult reverse the trend. 831 01:13:39,694 --> 01:13:42,730 PERMAFROST AREA ALASKA 832 01:13:42,780 --> 01:13:45,733 There is a perfectly reasonable one feedback mechanism. 833 01:13:45,783 --> 01:13:52,323 There are huge amounts in the permafrost organic matter frozen. 834 01:13:52,373 --> 01:13:57,912 The amount potentially can become CO2 and methane 835 01:13:57,962 --> 01:14:05,194 - can be four times bigger than everything fossil fuel we have consumed. 836 01:14:08,681 --> 01:14:11,759 30,000 year old methane bubbles up from a frozen lake 837 01:14:11,809 --> 01:14:16,180 If we thaw up all frozen material 838 01:14:16,230 --> 01:14:22,895 - the most likely emission of CO2 occurs and methane gas in large scale 840 01:14:29,702 --> 01:14:32,947 I study methane emissions from lakes. 841 01:14:32,997 --> 01:14:39,353 We are in inner Alaska where we have discontinuous permafrost. 842 01:14:40,171 --> 01:14:42,915 We look at microbial methane. 843 01:14:42,965 --> 01:14:48,087 The methane that bubbles behind me comes from dead plants and animal 844 01:14:48,137 --> 01:14:51,966 - which was frozen into the permafrost tens of thousands of years ago. 845 01:14:52,016 --> 01:14:54,010 As the permafrost tinar- 846 01:14:54,060 --> 01:14:59,623 - Eat the microbes in the soil and make it methane. 847 01:15:01,025 --> 01:15:07,732 The thawing permafrost fire on methane production. 848 01:15:07,782 --> 01:15:10,818 Then the methane disappears up in the atmosphere 851 01:15:18,584 --> 01:15:23,081 What worries us is that as the climate gets warmer- 852 01:15:23,131 --> 01:15:26,751 - at a faster pace than the last 10,000 years 854 01:15:30,763 --> 01:15:34,300 - and let go methane gas faster. 856 01:15:38,896 --> 01:15:41,682 Highly concentrated methane is flammable 857 01:15:41,732 --> 01:15:44,769 - So if it's a flame it is methane. 859 01:15:52,493 --> 01:15:58,408 Many new lakes have been formed as not existed here 30 or 60 years ago. 860 01:15:58,458 --> 01:16:04,939 The lakes contain 10-100 times more methane than the other lakes. 861 01:16:05,715 --> 01:16:09,919 They give a picture of the methane emissions as we can expect- 862 01:16:09,969 --> 01:16:16,634 - the next 10 to 50 years as the permafrost thaws. 863 01:16:16,684 --> 01:16:21,622 Then comes the permafrost feedback cycle and it accelerates even more. 864 01:16:23,524 --> 01:16:26,978 Is it methane? Is it permafrost? 865 01:16:27,028 --> 01:16:31,816 Is it the organic coal in the seas who suddenly move again? 867 01:16:35,578 --> 01:16:41,659 You have to ask about it is there feedback in the system? 868 01:16:41,709 --> 01:16:43,953 The answer is yes. 869 01:16:44,003 --> 01:16:47,623 It is usually common sense 870 01:16:47,673 --> 01:16:51,694 - that the less you disturb the climate, The better it will be. 871 01:17:03,898 --> 01:17:09,354 We have the solutions ready, but the question still remains. 872 01:17:09,404 --> 01:17:14,925 We can mobilize and act collectively before it is late? 873 01:17:15,618 --> 01:17:18,554 The will to do so is not really there. 874 01:17:19,747 --> 01:17:24,994 The Paris Agreement says that we must reduce carbon emissions 875 01:17:25,044 --> 01:17:28,664 - and keep the temperature below a certain level 876 01:17:28,714 --> 01:17:32,860 - Although we won't to do that. 877 01:17:34,011 --> 01:17:40,201 What can save us is technology that sucks CO2 out of the atmosphere. 878 01:17:41,561 --> 01:17:47,725 Then you should bet all the resources of humanity- 879 01:17:47,775 --> 01:17:51,670 - to develop CO2 purification methods which works. 880 01:17:53,114 --> 01:17:58,010 Then we can save the world, So why don't we? 881 01:18:06,085 --> 01:18:09,622 CLIMEWORKS GET IN CO2 FROM THE AIR 882 01:18:09,672 --> 01:18:15,461 Direct Air Capture is machines which removes CO2 from the air. 883 01:18:15,511 --> 01:18:18,840 We have worked with technology over the past ten years - 885 01:18:22,643 --> 01:18:25,221 -and as economical as possible. 886 01:18:25,271 --> 01:18:31,769 The machine consists of four containers and can have any size whatsoever. 887 01:18:31,819 --> 01:18:34,046 Here the air is sucked in ... 888 01:18:34,822 --> 01:18:38,426 ... and inside there is our filter construction. 890 01:18:44,582 --> 01:18:48,703 When CO2 is captured ends up in a greenhouse. 893 01:18:55,218 --> 01:18:59,088 Similar is happening nowadays, solid with fossil CO2. 894 01:18:59,138 --> 01:19:02,575 In the future they will come to use atmospheric CO2. 895 01:19:06,145 --> 01:19:09,057 The facility does that you can stop the carbon cycle. 896 01:19:09,107 --> 01:19:14,479 The CO2 that gets into the greenhouse also ends up in cucumbers and tomatoes 898 01:19:17,657 --> 01:19:21,527 But because we capture CO2 again the circle is closed. 899 01:19:21,577 --> 01:19:25,406 This can be the missing cake bit - 900 01:19:25,456 --> 01:19:31,771 - needed to stop the carbon cycle in the energy or transport sector. 901 01:19:35,007 --> 01:19:38,336 In addition to using CO2 in a greenhouse like this 902 01:19:38,386 --> 01:19:42,840 - can we take CO2, water and renewable energy 903 01:19:42,890 --> 01:19:47,286 - and of it produce fuel, for example, aviation fuel. 904 01:19:47,979 --> 01:19:51,974 To capture one percent of the global CO2 emissions 905 01:19:52,024 --> 01:19:55,770 - about 300,000 needed of the plants behind me 906 01:19:55,820 --> 01:19:58,064 -Which is a very high figure. 907 01:19:58,114 --> 01:20:00,942 But compared to today's the infrastructures 908 01:20:00,992 --> 01:20:07,223 - it is an extent that we can handle, so it is definitely possible. 909 01:20:09,375 --> 01:20:12,495 Hellisheidi power plant for geothermal energy in Iceland 910 01:20:12,545 --> 01:20:16,207 The next project is a plant in Iceland- 912 01:20:22,680 --> 01:20:26,926 Two hours later you do CO2 to a stone 913 01:20:26,976 --> 01:20:31,247 - that keeps it permanently and safely. 914 01:20:33,274 --> 01:20:37,795 To operate the plant we use geothermal heat. 915 01:20:38,821 --> 01:20:41,107 It is abundant in Iceland. 916 01:20:41,157 --> 01:20:46,362 It hardly gives any carbon footprint to operate the machinery. 917 01:20:46,412 --> 01:20:52,618 It's a great day. We have received The CO2 plant to Iceland. 918 01:20:52,668 --> 01:20:57,123 We pull CO2 out of the air, pumps it down underground 919 01:20:57,173 --> 01:21:01,377 - and store it in the rock below us, where the carbon dioxide is bound. 920 01:21:01,427 --> 01:21:06,716 So we take CO2 from the air and turn it into stone. 921 01:21:06,766 --> 01:21:13,139 Last night was the first time that atmospheric CO2 was introduced into the ground. 922 01:21:13,189 --> 01:21:19,145 We can come up in millions of tons of CO2 per year 923 01:21:19,195 --> 01:21:21,773 - which can be extracted from the atmosphere. 924 01:21:21,823 --> 01:21:25,068 As far as we know it is the first time in the world- 925 01:21:25,118 --> 01:21:28,404 - as direct capture of CO2 has been combined with 926 01:21:28,454 --> 01:21:32,308 - with underground, safe and permanent storage of CO2. 927 01:21:35,795 --> 01:21:39,040 We have a new relationship with coal. 928 01:21:39,090 --> 01:21:42,335 Can't find us a new use for it? 929 01:21:42,385 --> 01:21:46,214 Can't we have it in plastic or building materials? 930 01:21:46,264 --> 01:21:51,786 We may be able to convert carbon dioxide to something we need every day? 931 01:22:00,194 --> 01:22:07,360 A LOW LIGHT UP THE WAY 932 01:22:07,410 --> 01:22:12,949 My name is Daniel Nocera and I am professor of energy at Harvard. 933 01:22:12,999 --> 01:22:19,122 In the lab we invented the artificial and the bionic leaf. 934 01:22:19,172 --> 01:22:24,127 They can perform a complete photosynthesis. 935 01:22:24,177 --> 01:22:29,115 Sunlight, air and water they convert into fuel and food. 936 01:22:30,224 --> 01:22:32,969 Think about photosynthesis. 937 01:22:33,019 --> 01:22:38,307 What is it doing? It makes life's building blocks. 938 01:22:38,357 --> 01:22:44,897 The building blocks are CO2, water and sunlight. 939 01:22:44,947 --> 01:22:48,067 Then we build all this. 940 01:22:48,117 --> 01:22:53,364 Wood, food, starch and biomass. 941 01:22:53,414 --> 01:22:56,826 It's an incredible transformation. 942 01:22:56,876 --> 01:23:02,957 Photosynthesis is complicated, but we really listened to nature. 943 01:23:03,007 --> 01:23:06,377 And we did that for 30 years. 944 01:23:06,427 --> 01:23:09,130 What makes me so happy- 945 01:23:09,180 --> 01:23:12,258 - is that we are not just can make it artificially- 946 01:23:12,308 --> 01:23:16,220 - but also ten times better than the real photosynthesis. 947 01:23:16,270 --> 01:23:20,391 We developed catalysts that covered the artificial leaf. 948 01:23:20,441 --> 01:23:24,312 They split the water in hydrogen and oxygen. 949 01:23:24,362 --> 01:23:27,815 The second part of the invention is the bionic leaf. 950 01:23:27,865 --> 01:23:33,071 It takes nitrogen from bacteria and manufactures fuel. 951 01:23:33,121 --> 01:23:37,408 Depending on the genes i put into the bacterium 952 01:23:37,458 --> 01:23:41,788 - I can get the bacterium to manufacture materials, medicines 953 01:23:41,838 --> 01:23:44,624 - and we've shown that they can make fertilizers. 954 01:23:44,674 --> 01:23:51,672 We can use all kinds of water. Plain water, sea water ... 955 01:23:51,722 --> 01:23:56,135 You only have my artificial leaves one can do it in the garden. 956 01:23:56,185 --> 01:24:01,307 We don't have to dig it up like that are there and release more CO2. 957 01:24:01,357 --> 01:24:04,394 The artificial leaf in collaboration with the bionic 958 01:24:04,444 --> 01:24:09,065 - takes CO2 out of the air and uses sun and water to make fuel. 959 01:24:09,115 --> 01:24:14,529 So we don't add any more CO2 to the atmosphere. 960 01:24:14,579 --> 01:24:18,533 Another thing is the cost. 961 01:24:18,583 --> 01:24:24,622 I-countries have added fantasy sums to build what they have today. 962 01:24:24,672 --> 01:24:30,086 It is difficult to abandon one billion investment that you have paid off. 963 01:24:30,136 --> 01:24:32,004 That's what it's all about. 964 01:24:32,054 --> 01:24:36,784 Therefore, guidelines are required and good collaborations. 965 01:24:37,477 --> 01:24:42,807 And that the public gets to know that they have alternative 966 01:24:42,857 --> 01:24:46,585 -and that the world can change. 968 01:24:55,828 --> 01:25:01,492 The green economy creates already millions of jobs. 969 01:25:01,542 --> 01:25:06,998 It will surpass the economy from the fossil fuel industry. 970 01:25:07,048 --> 01:25:13,296 The challenge to reverse the climate crisis provides new opportunities for everyone. 971 01:25:13,346 --> 01:25:18,451 It's now more profitable than ever to be green. 972 01:25:21,354 --> 01:25:27,560 Until recently, more was earned to create problems 973 01:25:27,610 --> 01:25:31,773 - even coming up with solutions. 974 01:25:31,823 --> 01:25:36,944 The solutions therefore required subsidies that hardly existed. 975 01:25:36,994 --> 01:25:40,281 The alternatives were altruism or belief. 977 01:25:44,794 --> 01:25:50,166 Then a transition took place where the profit from the solutions became bigger- 978 01:25:50,216 --> 01:25:54,796 - than the benefits of the problems, which is not so easy to understand. 979 01:25:54,846 --> 01:25:58,591 It does not mean altruism Not needed, it's something great. 980 01:25:58,641 --> 01:26:03,763 But altruism will not be required to take the step towards a world- 981 01:26:03,813 --> 01:26:09,018 - where we turn the heating, because it is cheaper. 982 01:26:09,068 --> 01:26:12,480 It's more profitable, more affordable and creates more jobs. 983 01:26:12,530 --> 01:26:16,567 It's the most amazing which has happened for several years. 984 01:26:16,617 --> 01:26:20,405 And it will only grow as the years go by 985 01:26:20,455 --> 01:26:22,907 - Because engineers and designers 986 01:26:22,957 --> 01:26:28,413 - which are largely unknown, works diligently to develop 987 01:26:28,463 --> 01:26:34,819 - a new way for man to relate to the planet. 988 01:26:44,896 --> 01:26:52,503 ORKNEY ISLANDS SCOTLAND 989 01:26:53,446 --> 01:26:57,150 Here at Orkney we have a very strong maritime tradition. 990 01:26:57,200 --> 01:27:01,237 Ever since the 70's has the oil and gas industry in Aberdeen 991 01:27:01,287 --> 01:27:05,742 - been important to the economy and created tens of thousands of jobs. 992 01:27:05,792 --> 01:27:08,703 But in recent years we have seen a large turnaround 993 01:27:08,753 --> 01:27:12,123 - concerning the oil and gas industry and the oil price. 994 01:27:12,173 --> 01:27:17,462 But we have many experienced people from offshore jobs on the way in. 995 01:27:17,512 --> 01:27:20,173 They find new jobs within renewable energy 996 01:27:20,223 --> 01:27:22,283 -hos company like us. 997 01:27:25,394 --> 01:27:29,390 Tides are almost a completely unused energy source. 998 01:27:29,440 --> 01:27:34,854 We believe we have the potential to achieve a capacity of at least 100 gigawatts. 999 01:27:34,904 --> 01:27:41,844 That means low-carbon energy to millions of households. 1000 01:27:43,079 --> 01:27:48,242 Here we see the world's most powerful, floating tidal generator. 1001 01:27:48,292 --> 01:27:53,230 It is a floating platform with two fixed rotors. 1002 01:27:57,218 --> 01:28:01,047 When the rotors spin electricity is produced 1003 01:28:01,097 --> 01:28:04,217 - brought up to the machine, where it is conditioned. 1004 01:28:04,267 --> 01:28:11,265 Then the electricity is transformed and carried out into the power grid. 1005 01:28:11,315 --> 01:28:15,878 It's like a wind turbine, fixed with two rotors instead of one. 1006 01:28:17,113 --> 01:28:19,941 A few weeks ago we made great progress. 1007 01:28:19,991 --> 01:28:24,070 We had our first 24 hours with uninterrupted electricity production. 1008 01:28:24,120 --> 01:28:27,365 It actually worked far better than expected. 1009 01:28:27,415 --> 01:28:33,287 The device itself generated over 18 megawatt hours during the day. 1010 01:28:33,337 --> 01:28:38,209 We are moving towards more traditional ones methods in renewable energy. 1011 01:28:38,259 --> 01:28:42,547 We put the tide on the map as a competitive alternative 1012 01:28:42,597 --> 01:28:45,574 - Worldwide, and the world needs. 1013 01:28:47,518 --> 01:28:51,139 The turbine is 63 meters in total. 1014 01:28:51,189 --> 01:28:54,726 We convert the energy on board so that it is completely clear- 1015 01:28:54,776 --> 01:28:58,021 - to be exported straight out in the UK electricity grid. 1016 01:28:58,071 --> 01:29:04,193 We aim for tens of thousands of tidal turbines. 1017 01:29:04,243 --> 01:29:06,237 It's a complete system 1018 01:29:06,287 --> 01:29:08,973 - for production of low carbon energy. 1019 01:29:12,085 --> 01:29:15,038 EMEC was built as a test lab 1020 01:29:15,088 --> 01:29:20,543 - because we know there are huge amounts of energy in the world's oceans. 1021 01:29:20,593 --> 01:29:23,171 We try to find a way to extract it. 1022 01:29:23,221 --> 01:29:27,300 We realized that it was important to have a test center 1023 01:29:27,350 --> 01:29:30,470 - where we could find out how this would happen. 1024 01:29:30,520 --> 01:29:35,058 From the test center we have cables leading straight to the sea 1025 01:29:35,108 --> 01:29:40,229 - like the developers of the machines can connect. 1026 01:29:40,279 --> 01:29:42,673 Then the electricity is brought in 1027 01:29:43,783 --> 01:29:46,486 - and straight out in our national electricity grid. 1028 01:29:46,536 --> 01:29:50,806 They create electricity from seawater. 1029 01:29:51,916 --> 01:29:56,496 Now we have the Penguin device here, made by the company Wello Oy. 1030 01:29:56,546 --> 01:30:01,334 Their machine basically consists of a large pendulum inside the ship. 1031 01:30:01,384 --> 01:30:04,712 As the ship moves spins the pendulum horizontally. 1032 01:30:04,762 --> 01:30:06,756 It generates energy. 1033 01:30:06,806 --> 01:30:10,593 The sea is ruthless and always trying to damage the equipment 1034 01:30:10,643 --> 01:30:15,473 - so to bring out equipment that is reliable, robust, efficient, profitable ... 1035 01:30:15,523 --> 01:30:17,767 All the developers wrestle with that. 1036 01:30:17,817 --> 01:30:21,062 But we have already managed to create gold. 1037 01:30:21,112 --> 01:30:23,898 We've actually transformed sea water for energy. 1038 01:30:23,948 --> 01:30:27,944 It's huge, because people has questioned it for years. 1040 01:30:55,271 --> 01:30:58,850 No one can claim that the researchers have not warned us- 1041 01:30:58,900 --> 01:31:03,187 - and said that we must reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 1042 01:31:03,237 --> 01:31:04,939 It should be crystal clear. 1043 01:31:04,989 --> 01:31:07,734 How many breakpoints can we pass- 1045 01:31:13,164 --> 01:31:18,703 - or that most of life on the planet does not manage? 1046 01:31:18,753 --> 01:31:23,207 It must not go so far. And we're so fucking close now. 1047 01:31:23,257 --> 01:31:29,005 Either we hold the course and drowning, burning up 1048 01:31:29,055 --> 01:31:32,675 - and starve to death as a result of the climate crisis. 1051 01:31:40,942 --> 01:31:43,561 Or has the game just begun? 1052 01:31:43,611 --> 01:31:50,151 After all, we have the knowledge and solutions that can turn global warming. 1053 01:31:50,201 --> 01:31:54,489 Don't mitigate or reduce it. We can turn it around. 1054 01:31:54,539 --> 01:31:57,784 When setting high goals new opportunities are opened. 1055 01:31:57,834 --> 01:32:01,662 It opens the imagination and opens for innovations. 1056 01:32:01,712 --> 01:32:04,749 It does not exclude anything, rather the opposite. 1057 01:32:04,799 --> 01:32:08,002 It's not that it exists a single solution 1058 01:32:08,052 --> 01:32:15,134 - but in collaboration one can achieve results with 80% of the solutions. 1059 01:32:15,184 --> 01:32:20,848 Each solution has great advantages that makes the world better for everyone. 1060 01:32:20,898 --> 01:32:27,063 We lose nothing to realize that climate change is going on- 1061 01:32:27,113 --> 01:32:31,383 - and that we are affected. So what's the problem? 1062 01:32:37,749 --> 01:32:42,370 We are the first generation who see climate change - 1063 01:32:42,420 --> 01:32:45,873 - and the last one with a chance to fix it. 1064 01:32:45,923 --> 01:32:47,834 Despite all the evidence 1065 01:32:47,884 --> 01:32:53,047 - fossil fuels are still used at an ever increasing rate. 1066 01:32:53,097 --> 01:32:59,804 Science has given us the truth, based on real research. 1067 01:32:59,854 --> 01:33:06,936 It's time to start listening and apply the solutions available. 1068 01:33:06,986 --> 01:33:11,524 Time is out soon. Ice melts. 1069 01:33:11,574 --> 01:33:18,031 Resolution measures must be taken now. There is no other option. 1070 01:33:18,081 --> 01:33:23,661 The opportunity is within our reach. Now we take it. 1071 01:33:23,711 --> 01:33:26,998 It's up to each of us - 1072 01:33:27,048 --> 01:33:32,778 - to save our unique blue planet for future generations. 1073 01:33:41,395 --> 01:33:55,916 Subtitles from funny man