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Egypt...

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Ancient land of all and wonder,

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who's people whisper from the desert sands.

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For the Egyptians life was eternal.

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They search the globe for ingredients to
proserve their bodies and their immortality.

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With knowledge came from centuries of practice,

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a priests created the finest mummies,
the world has ever known.

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And now they were on a critical journey.

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To return to Egypt, with the ingredients
for the mummification of the pharaoh.

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Ramses the Great was being prepared for
the next stage of his life,

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when his mummy would ressurect in paradise.

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But how they were mummified?

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Where they were hidden, and whether
may they still give life today?

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These are the secrets of the pharaohs.

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There is a handful of mummies, whose names
was written on the bandages and coffins.

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These mummies are people, who did not
decomposed, when they died,

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because their flesh was preserved by secret methods.

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And according to the writing, 

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these mummies are three of the most
powerful pharaohs, that ever lived.

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Ramses the Great, his father and his son.

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Ruled by pharaohs like Ramses, 

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Egypt Empire dominated
the Near East for 3000 years.

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And in all that time Egypt's gods and
government barely changed.

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The Egyptians attributed this to the will
of the the gods. "Divine order".

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Ramses shared his life with queen Nefertari.

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Like all Egyptians, they loved life
and wanted to live beyond death.

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They thought dying was just
a gateway to the next world.

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And if they would not not been born on earth,
their lives would continue in paradise.

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So they prayed, that their honesty and
offerings would ensure order on earth and beyond.

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Th Egyptian universe was controlled by the goddess Ma'at,
who govern the world and the heavens.

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Even Ra, the mightiest son god
obeyed the laws of Ma'at.

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If Ma'at's order was ever broken,
the sun would not rise.

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The Moon would no follow.

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The egyptians mummies would never rise again.

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They called the soul for the essence
of each person his Ba.

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After death your Ba faced your final judgement.

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Your heart was placed on the scales of judgement,
and wait against the feather of truth. 

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If you done evel, your heavy heart would tip the scales,
and the Devourer would of innihilate u.

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But if you have allways been truthful and rightchous,
your heart would be feather light.

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Your soul would fly to paradise
to reenter your body.

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Your mummy would come to life in the next world.

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A world, in which every momment
was like a beautiful day.

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But the preparation of a mummy for
this journey remains a secret.

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The Egyptians recorded their
tales of war and death...

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Their myths and legends...

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Everything, except how they mummified their dead.

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Strangely, no complete records have been found,

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so when the last priest in ancient Egypt died,
he took the secret to his grave.

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Many aspects of mummification remain lost, 

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until Egyptologist, Dr. Bob Brier
patiently gathered the surviving clues.

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I was looking at tomb paintings, ancient writings,
temple carvings,

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anything, that might show the ingredients
used for embalming.

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Queen Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahri
describes an egyptian expedition to east Africa.

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The egyptians were getting ingredients for the
mummification from allover the known world.

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The first mummies were natural, dried by
a bariel in hot desert sands.

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But when the egyptians started
to use tombs in pyramids,

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the bodies was no longer in contact with the sand,

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so they had to preserve the body artificially.

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And the art of mummification was born.

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To dry the body, embalmers covered it
for 35 days with Natron,

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a naturally occurring blend
of salt and baking soda.

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Ancient embalmers used seven sacred oils.

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some extracted from rare trees,
they carried home from distant lands.

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Hatshepsut's temple shows mounts of
frankincense and myrrh they brought back.

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These were key ingredients in mummification.

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Over time the egyptians noticed,

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that beeswax, pine resin and golden honey
were particularly good at preserving mummies.

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These natural antiseptics were described by the
Greek historian Herodotus in his book.

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Priests sliced the skin with flint knives.
Removed internal organs like the liver and left the heart,

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which they believed to be the source
of consciousness in place.

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The jackal headed Anubis guarded the mummy.

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His tempt allowed desert breezes to dry the body.

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His priests adorned the dead with gold
and perfumed them with frankincense and myrrh.

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With the ceremony of the opening of the mouth,
the mummy would breath and speak in the next life.

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The priests chanted powerful spells
as the mummy was wrapped.

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And with the decoration of innocents, that
the person did not sin in this world,

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he and his mummy would be reborn in the next.

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We knew about the religious rituals, but there
were still gaps in the mummification procedure,

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that i could only fill in
by creating a modern mummy.

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So i teamed up with a colleague anatomist Ron Wade
and used the body donated to science.

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We performed the first human mummification in the
Egyptian style since the time of the pharaohs.

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For 20 years scientists have tried to extract
usable DNA from egyptian mummies without success.

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More than a decade later, if we can get DNA
from any part of our modern mummy, 

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it will tell us where to look at ancient mummmies.

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I'm not an DNA expert, but working with
Dr. Angelique Corthals, a specialist in this field, 

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we took the samples of skin, muscle
and bone from a modern mummy.

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What makes it so difficult to extract DNA from mummy?
Is it the passage of time, the 3000 years?

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Or is it the combination of time and
chemical effects of mummification?

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DNA is the blueprint of all life.

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Sand and air are lifeless, because
they contain no DNA.

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DNA is the magic ingredient.

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For where is DNA, there is life.

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This instruction manual is written
in a 4-letter code.

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You rearrange this 4-code letters, and you get
endless possibilities to make a living organism.

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So a beetle and a bee, a bird and a man have the
same components in every cell.

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Just rearranged, and in different links.

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DNA changes slightly with every generation
and these changes are recorded.

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So by comparing their DNA, we can tell how close
plants and animals, including people, are related.

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DNA can even tell us, what diseases
ancient mummies suffered.

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Some diseases, like malaria are caused by
parasites invading the body.

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Some of these parasites have left traces
of their DNA in the mummies.

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Many ancient egyptians died from malaria,
just as millions of people will this year.

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Like all life, diseases like malaria
evolve over time to survive.

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Because malaria parasites reproduce very fast,
their DNA evolves quickly.

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Thousands of generations of malaria have lived,
since the pharaohs ruled.

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I want to compare an ancient malaria with
its modern descendant. Ancient DNA with modern DNA.

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The differences may point towards a cure,
and millions of lives could be saved in the future.

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These tests will give us the answer.

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Perhaps the DNA held in mummies like Ramses,
will help to cure the people today.

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To advance our research, Dr Corthals has traveled
to Egypt to see the latest mummy in the diggings.

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She's visiting Dr. Zahi Hawass, the head of Egypt's
antiquities on his excavations at Saqqara.

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In early times, only the pharaohs bodies were made
in to mummies and buried in their pyramids.

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Later more people were mummified.

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First are the royals, then the nobles,
and by the time of Cleopatra, the middle class to.

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So during Egypt's history, literally
millions of mummies were made.

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For scholars like Dr. Hawass, these mummies
are window to ancient Egypt's past.

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Many of these mummies still lie beneath the ground,
awaiting the call to paradise.

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Ramses believed, his body would
come to life in paradise.

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He knew, he also lived as long
as people would remembered him.

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As long as they said his name.

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So he built monuments for himself,
and to his beloved Nefertari.

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The gods demanded, that the pharaoh
keep Egypt safe and rich.

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So on the bank of a river Nile,
at Egypt's southern border,

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Ramses constructed Abu Simbel,
a warning to barbarians beyond.

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Ma'at, divine order was maintained for centuries.

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As i was looking for clues to mummification,
i became involved in the lives of the pharaohs.

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You visit their tombs and temples, translate their
encryptions, you cant help about wondering about these people.

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Im viewing Ramses as a person, but you have to
remember, Ramses was viewed by the Egyptians as a God.

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Responsible for divine order in the universe.

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What kind of king was Ramses?
What kind of man?

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Ramses was the pharaoh of the exodus.

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This may be the only face from the Bible,
we will ever see.

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When i first looked at his mummy, i remember
about thinking about all those things Ramses did.

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Ramses personally led his troops into great battles.

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3000 years ago he signed the oldest known peace treaty.

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Ramses built more temples up and down the Nile,
than any other pharaoh.

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Sure it took 20 years to carve Abu Simbel
out of the mountain, but Ramses rules Egypt for 67 years.

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He had plenty of time to build.

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For the 1000 miles throughout Egypt, Ramses
built temples to please the gods.

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And ensure, that the divine order prevailed.

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He intended to be remembered.

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Because the ancient egyptians believed,
that the memory of a good man lives forever.

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But a council Ramses's deeds were lost to history, 

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because no one could read the ancient egyptian text,
the hieroglyphs on his temple walls.

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And than in the 19th century, scholars
finally cracked the code to hieroglyphs.

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A massive inscribed tablet,
the Rosetta stone held the key.

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The buildings and the powder scrolls came alive.

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Only a few dozen people could read the hieroglyphs.

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And one of the finnest translators
was an american Charles Wilbour.

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With the unlocking of the secret code,
a passion for Egypt, egyptomania was born.

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And ever more adventurers on Egypt shores
to search the sands for hidden tombs.

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But when adventurers entered the pharaohs tombs,
there was a mystery.

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They found paintings of the pharaohs,
their gods and their mummies everywhere.

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Anubis - god of mummification,
protected them after death.

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Painted food and drink fed the mummies.

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The night sky kept watch over the sleeping pharaohs.

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Work on the tombs continued, until
the pharaohs were buried,

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Then craftsmen stopped,
what theire were doing, and left.

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But tho these tombs were made for kings,
not a single pharaoh's body remained.

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Where were the royal mummies?

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No one knew.

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Tombs have been robbed for thousands of years.

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In ancient Egypt, workers build
the tombs in the good times,

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and robbed them in the bad.

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After the great reign of Ramses,
there have been many hard years,

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so the royal tombs were raided.

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But in the eighteen hundreds, tourists would pay
more for antique souvenirs, then it would for gold.

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Master thieves trusted Egypt's rare rainstorms,
to reveal hidden tombs.

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When water quickly disapears into the ground, 
it could be emptying in to a tomb below.

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Ahmed and Mohammed Rassoul were experts
in this dangerous profession.

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And now they've made a discovery,
that would change history.

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People of all sords, locals and
foreigners, rich and poor alike,

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were trading in goods from mummies tombs.

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Like other codebreakers, Charles Wilbour knew,
no pharaoh's mummy had ever been found,

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but at some unusual artifacts had recently
appeared for sale in Egypt.

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These objects bore the names of kings.

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The Rassouls could not read the hieroglyphs
on what they found, but Wilbour could.

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What he was being shown, was
freshly stripped from a mummy.

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And the cartouche the oval in circling the name,
meant that these were the wrappings of a king.

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He asked the brothers, to take him to the tomb.

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The gleaming new house told him, that 
brothers were coming to some money recently.

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There were only two ways to earn a living here.

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Farming and tomb robbing. And sudden wealth didn't
come from farming.

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It was a beautiful tomb.

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But not Royal.

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Wilbour had to leave Egypt soon.

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He pressed the brothers,
to tell him the tombs' true location.

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They were the suspects already.

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And police judgement would be rough,
if they didnt cooperate.

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In desperation he offered "bakshish",
a bribe for the truth.

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Wilbour went to investigate
the valley of the kings himself.

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In early Egypt pharaohs built
their tombs in pyramids.

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But the gold in the pyramids was a magnet for thieves
who plunder them soon after they were built.

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So the pharaohs moved their tombs hundreds of
miles south down the Nil to this hidden valley.

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Eventually this tomb was robbed.

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Inscriptions at the entrances told Wilbour, 

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which tombs have been brief
holding places for the royal mummies.

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But the trail went cold.

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And why has relics from different
kings and queens spending centuries, 

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appeared on the market suddenly at the same time?

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All he knew for certain, was that
what he bought on the market,

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had wrapped the mummy of the pharaoh
for three thousand years.

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Until now.

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Wilbour wanted to save a pharaoh's tomb.

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He tried to persuade the brothers,
to tell him where it was. One last time.

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Wilbour had to leave. And Egypt's
heritage lay in the balance.

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The brothers had left him no option.

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Emil Brugsch was a top antiquary's
official at the time.

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And another codebreaker.

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This was the pharaoh's tomb.

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But it was unlike any tomb ever seen before.

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Dozens of mummies, all royal.

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The Pharaoh Tuthmosis I.

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And his successor, Tuthmosis II.

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Husband to Hatshepsut,
Greatest Queen ever to rule.

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Builder of Deir el-Bahri,

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and the finest obelisks in Egypt.

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His son, Tuthmosis III., Great warrior King.

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Builder of an empire, and the temple of Amun.

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00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:15,000
Ramses III.,

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who's legacy stands at Karnak and beyond.

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00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:32,000
Seti I.

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Brilliant general, who commissioned exquisite
temples at Abydos and Thebes.

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00:31:42,500 --> 00:31:48,000
And his tomb in the valley of the kings.

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00:31:48,100 --> 00:31:55,000
And the father of this man
- Ramses the Great.

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00:31:56,000 --> 00:32:02,000
His temples at Luxor, Karnak and Abydos.

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00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:09,000
Abu Simbel still gods Egypt's southern border.

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00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:18,000
His name lives on.

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00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:23,000
These were the men and women,
who built the Egypt.

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00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:55,000
And so it was, that the pharaohs began their journey
out of the darkness and in to the light.

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Fulfilling their wish, that their names
be said and they might live on.

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00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:38,000
Four decades later, Howard Carter would find
a near perfect tomb of the boy king - Tutankhamun.

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00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:43,000
But the greatest cash of
royal mummies in history, 40,

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00:33:43,100 --> 00:33:51,000
including 12 pharaohs had left
the valley of the kings forever.

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00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:58,500
These mummies traveled 400 miles
north to Cairo, where they lie today.

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00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,000
Years later the tomb collapsed.

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00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:23,000
But the mummies have been saved
and may reveal their secrets.

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00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:28,500
The samples from the modern mummies skin,
muscle and bone have shown,

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00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:31,000
that the skin and muscle didn't contain DNA.

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00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:39,000
But the bone did, 4x more DNA than ever
extracted from an ancient egyptian mummy.

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00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:45,000
Now we know, where to look for DNA in
ancient mummies. In the bones.

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The DNA held in mummies like Ramses the Great
may yet provide cures for diseases today.

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00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:23,000
Some might call it luck, but the ancient priests
hid the pharaoh's mummies.

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And robbers didn't destroy them and they escaped
annihilation in the collapsing tomb.

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00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:38,000
The Egyptians would call it "divine order" - Ma'at.

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00:35:57,000 --> 00:36:00,500
But now we might be on the cusp of another wonder.

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00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:05,000
The pharaohs mummies have meant
different things over the centuries.

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For the ancients they were the source of hope,

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00:36:09,500 --> 00:36:12,000
for the robbers the source of wealth,

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00:36:12,100 --> 00:36:16,000
for scholars the source of knowledge.

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00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:22,000
But finally perhaps the mummies
will fulfill their destiny.

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00:36:22,500 --> 00:36:27,000
To sustain the gift of life.

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00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:37,000