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Iceberg, right ahead!
2
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This is the part of Titanic's story
we all know.
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But what happened to Titanic
after the last eyewitness
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saw her slip beneath the surface?
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Titanic is
the perfect unsolved murder mystery.
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It hit there, but then it kind of whiplashes
when it hits the ground back here.
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What happened
in the final minutes of the ship?
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How did it break up? How did it fall?
How did it hit the bottom?
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Why did she sink so fast?
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Could more lives have been saved?
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Did I get the details right
in the feature film?
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No, I'm talking about the sinking,
the way you depicted the sinking.
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We didn't do it 'cause we didn't know.
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For the first time ever,
I've gathered all the evidence
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and eight of the world's
leading Titanic experts
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all together, in one place.
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Some have been to the wreck,
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some approach it through the testimony,
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some approach it
through the physical forensics.
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We respectfully disagree.
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No one gets out of this room
until we piece together, once and for all,
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what happened in Titanic's final minutes.
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We're going to argue.
I guarantee it. It'll get heated.
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Coincidence? There's no coincidence.
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There's no such thing as coincidence.
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- I agree.
- No.
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Now, on the 100th anniversary
of the tragedy,
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fifteen years after the
film's initial release,
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it's time for the final word
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on what really happened to Titanic.
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Mir I, Mir I. Jake is coming out
of his search. Over.
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Here he comes. He's out.
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I feel like I've lived on Titanic
certainly much longer than
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any of the people who were
actually involved in the event did.
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I've got it ingrained in my memory.
I could walk the ship in my sleep.
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Keep lowering!
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When I see the model,
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it just brings back to me all those nights
of shooting with the crowds,
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running and screaming up the decks.
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Then going back to one
and doing it ail again.
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See you in the sunshine.
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For me, film-making comes out of my desire
to explore unknown worlds.
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You want to see Titanic on the sonar?
Check this out, bro.
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You're gonna love this.
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I wanted to dive the wreck
more than I wanted to make the movie.
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Diving the wreck was
my way into the story.
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- There she is, baby.
- Oh, yeah.
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It's a dream come true for me.
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Titanic does not give
up her secrets easily.
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The more you work on this,
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the more you can bring it into focus
and fill in the gaps.
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And there are some enigmas.
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Thank: is like a fractal,
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the closer you get to it,
the more you see completely new patterns.
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There have been a lot of ideas,
a lot of theories.
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It's time to just say,
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"This is what really happened,
to the best of our collective knowledge."
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This shouldn't be all sort of nicey-nicey,
blowing pink smoke around.
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Let's beat it up.
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That's the best way to
arrive at an answer that makes sense.
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My Titanic dream team includes
Ken Marschall, artist, visual historian.
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P. H-Nargeolet, explorer,
Underwater Operations, RMS Titanic.
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Bill Sauder, historian,
Director of Research, RMS Titanic.
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Parks Stephenson,
Naval Systems Engineer.
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Don Lynch, Chief Historian
of the Titanic Historical Society.
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Dave Gallo, Director of Special Projects
at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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Commander Jeffrey Stettler,
Naval Architect, US Naval Academy.
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Brian Thomas, Coast Guard Naval Architect
and Salvage Engineer.
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We have the team and the tools.
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From hundreds of hours
of my expedition dive footage,
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to deck plans and survivor testimony,
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we're going to take all we learned
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and create a new visualization
of the sinking.
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From iceberg to bottom,
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it's never been animated so precisely
and so dramatically.
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We're determined, once and for all,
to learn what happened
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after Titanic disappeared
beneath the surface 100 years ago.
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It's a good, just kind of
drive-a-stake-in-the-ground moment
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for us to say, "Let's
get the history right."
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To me, the exercise of making the movie
and preparing to make the movie
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was about understanding history.
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Like, what is history?
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History is
this kind of consensus hallucination.
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There are some people who, they tell
the story like it happened yesterday.
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And then there are others who,
over the years, have been telling the story
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and the story changes, you know?
So, yeah.
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And how much does the telling of the story
become the memory,
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as opposed to the memory itself?
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Our task here is to
separate perception from truth.
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So what is it that we know for sure?
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At the time of her construction,
“tank: was the largest ship ever built,
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882 feet and nine inches long
and standing nearly 20 stories high.
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Her weight was over 46,000 tons.
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Her hull spanned four city blocks.
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She had nine decks
encompassing 370 first-class cabins,
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168 second-class cabins,
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and 297 third-class cabins.
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Accommodations for up to 3,547 people.
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Mechanically, she was state of the art,
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fitted with 29 boilers and 159 furnaces.
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Each of her steam engines
was the size of a three-story house.
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Over 6,000 tons of coal
filled her coal bunkers.
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From her innovative double-bottom keel,
to her 16 water-tight compartments,
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Titanic was considered unsinkable.
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Each compartment had doors
that were designed to dose automatically
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if the water level
rose above a certain height.
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Titanic would be able to stay afloat
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if any two compartments
or the first four became flooded.
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According to her builders,
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even in the worst possible accident at sea,
Titanic was virtually unsinkable.
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- Iceberg, right ahead!
- Thank you.
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But we know that on April 14, 1912,
Titanic sideswiped an iceberg
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and sank in two hours and 40 minutes.
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Full astern!
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- Hard over.
- Helm's hard over, sir.
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Why ain't they turning?
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- Is it hard over?!
- It is. Yes sir. Hard over.
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One hundred years later,
this is what's left of Titanic,
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a tangled wreck on the ocean floor.
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Thousands of broken pieces.
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But from her rust-covered remains,
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we may still be able to figure out
what happened in her last moments.
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Well, it's very important to find out
where all the objects wound up.
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And then you can
work backwards from that
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to sort of reconstruct
how the processes got started.
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You've got to
peel away the bottom impact,
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and you got to understand
what happened in the water column,
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you got to understand
what happened at the surface.
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Then maybe you can work your way back
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to what actually set off the sinking
in the first place.
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It's like a murder-mystery case
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where some piece of evidence is an outlier.
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Everything fits perfectly,
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but there's one outlying piece of evidence,
and it seems so trivial,
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and yet it unwinds everything else.
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It's a great forensic
process to go through.
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It's the same thing that they do
at an NTSB analysis of a crash site
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for an airliner.
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You know, "How did that engine
get way over there?
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"How did that wind up two miles back?"
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You know, you can't really
piece together what happened
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until you can account for every
single piece and where it got there.
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Four hundred miles
off the coast of Newfoundland,
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and two and a half miles
beneath the surface of the North Atlantic,
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00:09:55.434 --> 00:09:56.975
lies Titanic.
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The wreck site spans
a mile of the sea floor,
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and is anything but accessible.
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It takes about two-and-a-half hours
to descend in a submersible.
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Daylight doesn't reach this depth.
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It's eternal darkness.
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Here, we find the bow and stern section
2,000 feet apart.
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We find the ship's boilers
clustered east of the stern.
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Cargo cranes sheared from the deck.
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Broken pieces of funnel.
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Ground-up shell plating.
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00:10:34.467 --> 00:10:37.220
Sections of the ship's keel,
or double bottom.
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Rudders and propellers
pinned in the sediment, intact.
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An open shell door at D deck.
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There are sewing plates, tea cups, shoes,
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countless personal artifacts.
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These are all clues in the mystery.
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What caused
this magnitude of destruction?
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How can we begin to make sense of it?
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So, it's good to wrap
our heads around this.
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So, now you start looking
at a debris field map.
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It's part of that crime scene recreation
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of seeing everything on this macro level.
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We can get down to individual images
of each individual piece,
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but you need the context of it,
to keep that forest in sight.
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You have to have
that map of the wreck site
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to do any meaningful forensics.
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Titanic's bow and stern are torn in two
and lie apart,
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like a crime scene where the body and head
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are on opposite sides of the room.
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You can see it. You can see it on the
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debris field map here.
It's a very interesting thing.
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Bow points north,
and it's partly dug into the sediment.
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Its open end is ragged,
it's not a clean break.
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At first glance,
it appears the farthest object north,
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but there's the number one cargo hatch,
and that's 260 feet forward of the bow.
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And the hatch bolts are all severed.
So, what did that?
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And how did the bow break from the stern?
What did this?
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The stern points south,
facing the opposite direction of the bow.
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Looks like a bomb hit it.
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To the east of the stern lie five boilers
from Boiler Room 1,
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the midsection of the ship.
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I think the location of these boilers
is our first lead.
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If you just draw a circle
around those five boilers,
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and you take the center of that circle,
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I think that's where the ship
broke up at the surface.
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Right.
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Okay, these five boilers
help us to find the hypocenter,
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the ground zero for the disaster.
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00:12:41.892 --> 00:12:43.682
The hypocenter directly underneath
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where the breakup took place
on the bottom
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would be where the heaviest
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and most uniform objects
would be clustered.
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Now, with it,
we can extrapolate the journey
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00:12:53.858 --> 00:12:55.652
taken by each part of the ship,
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00:12:55.653 --> 00:12:58.779
from the surface to
where we find them today, on the bottom.
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00:12:58.780 --> 00:13:04.700
And then you have a kind of fallout pattern,
downwind, if you will, or down current,
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00:13:04.701 --> 00:13:08.996
for very light objects like teacups
and light debris and coal.
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00:13:08.997 --> 00:13:12.752
The coal being spread the farthest,
'cause it's the least heavy in water.
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00:13:14.794 --> 00:13:17.760
We can account for many objects
on our debris field map,
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and explain how they traveled
from the breakup at the surface
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00:13:20.760 --> 00:13:24.181
to end their life two and a half miles
down at the bottom.
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00:13:24.182 --> 00:13:27.182
But not every part can be
so easily explained.
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00:13:28.891 --> 00:13:32.650
Something that just occurred to me
for the first time in all these years is...
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00:13:32.937 --> 00:13:37.316
If that happened way up there,
isn't it interesting that we've got...
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00:13:37.317 --> 00:13:38.906
These would be your poop deck cranes,
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00:13:38.907 --> 00:13:41.245
and they're this close to
their original location.
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The stern cranes sort of grouped together
and lying adjacent to the stern
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00:13:46.576 --> 00:13:49.248
was a little mystery that we had to solve.
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00:13:49.249 --> 00:13:52.249
And in solving that mystery,
it would shed some light
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00:13:52.250 --> 00:13:55.589
on what actually happened to the stern
when it hit the bottom of the ocean.
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00:13:55.590 --> 00:13:58.880
Why were those cranes there?
Where did they come from?
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00:13:59.213 --> 00:14:00.881
Odd, isn't it?
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00:14:00.882 --> 00:14:04.801
Then the question is,
what held the cranes with all this,
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as opposed to them just scattering?
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I don't know. I'm inclined to think
these came apart at a higher altitude.
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00:14:10.435 --> 00:14:13.733
I think that it's just coincidence
that they happened to wind up...
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Coincidence? There is no coincidence.
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00:14:15.693 --> 00:14:17.361
There's no such thing as coincidence.
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- I agree.
- No.
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00:14:19.670 --> 00:14:20.614
There was a tendency
on the part of the group,
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00:14:20.615 --> 00:14:23.200
I think, to reject the idea of coincidence,
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00:14:23.201 --> 00:14:25.619
which, I think, is always good
in this kind of analysis.
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00:14:25.907 --> 00:14:29.659
Jim will let you disagree with him
as long as
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00:14:29.660 --> 00:14:32.913
you have a reasonable argument,
and your facts are all in a row,
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00:14:32.914 --> 00:14:35.254
and they're doing a chorus dance
behind you.
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00:14:35.255 --> 00:14:37.670
I'm gonna jump to the crazy part of this.
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00:14:37.671 --> 00:14:39.700
- Yeah.
- All right?
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00:14:39.800 --> 00:14:43.990
Which is these two double bottom sections
and this big chunk.
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There are three pieces of the wreck
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whose placement on the debris field map
don't make sense.
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They're outliers.
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They're enigmas because
238
00:14:51.644 --> 00:14:54.440
they're strangely out to the east
of the hypocenter.
239
00:14:56.396 --> 00:14:59.900
We know from a past expedition
that these two, out of the three,
240
00:14:59.901 --> 00:15:02.270
are pieces of Titanic's double bottom.
241
00:15:03.270 --> 00:15:05.323
We know these parts are
from the same section of keel
242
00:15:05.324 --> 00:15:08.746
because their ragged ends align
like two pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
243
00:15:10.340 --> 00:15:13.832
How did these two chunks of keel
detach from the bottom of the ship,
244
00:15:13.833 --> 00:15:16.490
and end up to the east of the hypocenter?
245
00:15:17.500 --> 00:15:19.594
And what about the third outlier?
246
00:15:21.754 --> 00:15:24.553
Now, I'm just trying to account
for something that I don't understand,
247
00:15:24.554 --> 00:15:26.174
which is this thing.
248
00:15:26.175 --> 00:15:28.143
- This is just a big pile of junk.
- It's a big, ugly pile.
249
00:15:28.144 --> 00:15:29.353
Big, dirty pile of junk.
250
00:15:29.804 --> 00:15:31.475
Nobody'd ever seen it before.
251
00:15:31.476 --> 00:15:34.316
It's way off to the east.
It's beyond these double bottom pieces.
252
00:15:35.184 --> 00:15:40.689
Okay, so the mystery piece,
the enigma piece is this.
253
00:15:40.690 --> 00:15:42.230
Is this. Yes.
254
00:15:42.240 --> 00:15:44.526
You know, about the upper
couple of decks of that.
255
00:15:44.527 --> 00:15:46.780
It's even bigger and larger
and heavier than the boilers,
256
00:15:46.781 --> 00:15:49.157
yet, it ended up way far out there.
257
00:15:50.320 --> 00:15:53.627
How did this chunk,
from beneath the third frontal deckhouse,
258
00:15:53.628 --> 00:15:55.292
end up way out there?
259
00:15:56.998 --> 00:15:59.376
All right. Well, why don't
we stick to what we think we know,
260
00:15:59.377 --> 00:16:01.480
and fill in the rest of the picture?
261
00:16:01.544 --> 00:16:05.636
To fill in the rest of the picture
and visualize Titanic's final moments,
262
00:16:05.637 --> 00:16:09.761
we need to go underwater
and take a closer look at the damage.
263
00:16:10.595 --> 00:16:12.970
I see the wreck.
264
00:16:13.431 --> 00:16:14.808
I see it.
265
00:16:17.935 --> 00:16:20.645
Mir II, Mir II, this is Mir I.
266
00:16:20.646 --> 00:16:27.495
Depth is 3,353 meters.
267
00:16:28.571 --> 00:16:29.868
I love this stuff.
268
00:16:30.364 --> 00:16:31.865
Exploration.
269
00:16:31.866 --> 00:16:34.665
Real, honest-to-God,
deep-ocean exploration.
270
00:16:37.830 --> 00:16:39.753
To me,
it's an alternative to making movies,
271
00:16:40.750 --> 00:16:45.378
which is as technically challenging,
as emotionally challenging,
272
00:16:45.379 --> 00:16:48.553
and it's something that
I can use my skills as a filmmaker.
273
00:16:51.427 --> 00:16:53.178
It's about creating the technology.
274
00:16:53.179 --> 00:16:57.396
It's about the personal challenge of actually
going into this hostile environment,
275
00:16:57.397 --> 00:17:01.771
doing things right, doing things safely,
and coming back with results.
276
00:17:02.897 --> 00:17:04.649
Say goodbye to the surface world.
277
00:17:08.110 --> 00:17:11.760
I've been a wreck diver
for many years at scuba depths.
278
00:17:11.770 --> 00:17:14.952
I love shipwrecks. I love the romance
and the mystery of shipwrecks.
279
00:17:14.953 --> 00:17:18.749
And the Titanic's the ultimate wreck.
It's the Everest of shipwrecks.
280
00:17:18.750 --> 00:17:21.837
And I said,
"Let's do a real expedition to the Titanic
281
00:17:21.838 --> 00:17:23.922
"to shoot scenes for the movie."
282
00:17:23.923 --> 00:17:27.341
And this was all new territory,
nobody had ever really done this before.
283
00:17:27.342 --> 00:17:29.214
But looking into the darkness here
284
00:17:29.215 --> 00:17:32.936
and wondering what was beyond,
what's down there, you know,
285
00:17:32.937 --> 00:17:38.479
is what led me to want to go back and
explore it thoroughly with new technology.
286
00:17:39.100 --> 00:17:40.898
So, of course,
as soon as the movie was done,
287
00:17:41.269 --> 00:17:43.863
I was immediately planning
my next expedition.
288
00:17:47.149 --> 00:17:48.567
Okay, dive one.
289
00:17:48.568 --> 00:17:54.447
It's gonna be JB and Bill in Mir II,
and me and Vince in Mir I.
290
00:17:54.448 --> 00:17:57.420
Come in here, explore these rooms.
291
00:17:57.868 --> 00:18:00.370
Up until our 2001 expedition,
292
00:18:00.371 --> 00:18:04.296
no one had attempted an extensive survey
of the interior of the wreck.
293
00:18:06.168 --> 00:18:10.480
So, when we went back for
the 3D documentary Ghosts of 'me Abyss,
294
00:18:10.490 --> 00:18:13.170
we developed remotely operated vehicles,
or ROVs.
295
00:18:13.180 --> 00:18:14.352
We call them "bots."
296
00:18:14.677 --> 00:18:17.851
Built to withstand the incredible pressure
at that depth,
297
00:18:18.931 --> 00:18:21.433
they could maneuver through
small holes in the wreckage
298
00:18:21.434 --> 00:18:25.290
and explore up to 2,000 feet
from the manned sub.
299
00:18:26.630 --> 00:18:29.613
Previous ROVs had been leashed
to the sub by a short, bulky tether.
300
00:18:30.484 --> 00:18:35.158
Our state-of-the-art mini ROVs,
affectionately nicknamed Jake and Elwood,
301
00:18:35.159 --> 00:18:36.749
had an on board power supply
302
00:18:37.283 --> 00:18:40.455
and just needed a spool
of hair-thin fiber-optic cable
303
00:18:40.456 --> 00:18:44.830
to receive directions and send
the live video feed back to my sub.
304
00:18:46.125 --> 00:18:48.844
As I guided them through the wreck,
they unwound this cable behind them,
305
00:18:48.845 --> 00:18:52.841
like Theseus unwinding the bail of twine
as he explored the labyrinth.
306
00:18:53.549 --> 00:18:57.554
This made it possible, for the first time,
to film interior areas of the wreck
307
00:18:57.555 --> 00:19:00.727
that hadn't been seen
since the night Titanic sank.
308
00:19:01.390 --> 00:19:04.894
The bots are finally going to Titanic.
Three years in the making.
309
00:19:05.610 --> 00:19:06.233
See you on the bottom.
310
00:19:09.982 --> 00:19:12.485
Since my first expedition,
I've gone back twice.
311
00:19:15.696 --> 00:19:17.118
Sight enabled.
312
00:19:18.949 --> 00:19:21.326
Comm link, camera power.
313
00:19:21.327 --> 00:19:23.705
All right. I think we're ready to fly.
314
00:19:25.539 --> 00:19:27.337
Elwood's coming out.
315
00:19:32.880 --> 00:19:33.681
Pretty cool.
316
00:19:35.633 --> 00:19:37.510
Looking good, Elwood.
317
00:19:38.594 --> 00:19:41.723
Tell him to go ahead, we'll meet
in the center of the grand staircase.
318
00:19:47.770 --> 00:19:50.740
I've shot hundreds of hours
of archeological survey footage
319
00:19:50.741 --> 00:19:52.278
inside the wreck.
320
00:20:03.536 --> 00:20:05.880
Now they're where I wanted to be.
321
00:20:06.288 --> 00:20:09.383
Those are the lead stained-glass windows.
322
00:20:10.793 --> 00:20:13.467
Look at that. Unbelievable.
323
00:20:15.506 --> 00:20:17.884
And another thing
that's absolutely fascinating is
324
00:20:18.342 --> 00:20:20.845
this idea of telepresence.
325
00:20:21.804 --> 00:20:26.516
When you fly an ROV,
after the first few minutes,
326
00:20:26.517 --> 00:20:28.982
and really for subsequent hours at a time,
327
00:20:28.983 --> 00:20:32.232
you completely forget
your physical human existence.
328
00:20:36.260 --> 00:20:37.152
What's going on?
329
00:20:37.403 --> 00:20:39.279
And you become that vehicle.
330
00:20:39.280 --> 00:20:41.829
It's almost like you can feel
what it's feeling.
331
00:21:04.930 --> 00:21:07.934
This is what you get when you get
the lighting in the right place.
332
00:21:07.935 --> 00:21:11.280
You get a good sense
of the depth of the space.
333
00:21:11.771 --> 00:21:14.115
That's right in front of the elevators,
I believe.
334
00:21:14.116 --> 00:21:17.150
There's a well-preserved brass bed here.
335
00:21:17.151 --> 00:21:20.300
I'd be in the other sub
outside, navigating...
336
00:21:20.310 --> 00:21:21.324
I think on this dive, you were.
337
00:21:21.325 --> 00:21:23.114
Yeah. We could see Jim inside.
338
00:21:23.115 --> 00:21:25.209
Every now and then,
you could see the little light in there.
339
00:21:25.210 --> 00:21:28.705
And you knew, "Okay, Jim, we need to move
a little bit farther aft, because..."
340
00:21:28.706 --> 00:21:31.831
"Yes, yes, all right."
Then he flips it up and moves back,
341
00:21:31.832 --> 00:21:33.880
and then you got to
get tn the current 'gust fight.
342
00:21:33.881 --> 00:21:35.835
And then, "Okay, Jim, we're coming,
343
00:21:35.836 --> 00:21:37.587
"but we are kind of
caught in current here."
344
00:21:37.588 --> 00:21:39.966
Then we'd do a pass.
"Jim, how did that look?"
345
00:21:39.967 --> 00:21:41.466
And there'd be a pause.
346
00:21:41.467 --> 00:21:44.558
"Love it, love it, love it. Do it again!"
Something like that.
347
00:21:44.559 --> 00:21:46.724
So, they were maneuvering 18 tons
out there
348
00:21:46.725 --> 00:21:48.474
to get one light through a porthole.
349
00:21:49.475 --> 00:21:51.694
Rising up and aiming the light downward.
350
00:21:55.189 --> 00:21:56.441
There's... Turn.
351
00:21:56.982 --> 00:21:58.740
That's good!
352
00:21:58.400 --> 00:22:00.277
I made 33 dives to Titanic.
353
00:22:00.986 --> 00:22:04.536
Laying eyes on the site is
one of the most important forensic tools.
354
00:22:05.407 --> 00:22:06.750
The power of observation.
355
00:22:08.410 --> 00:22:11.960
Some of the damage is self-evident,
easy to understand.
356
00:22:12.873 --> 00:22:15.100
Other aspects are baffling.
357
00:22:15.626 --> 00:22:19.756
Like cops at a crime scene,
we're inventorying ail the evidence.
358
00:22:21.900 --> 00:22:25.266
Now we can begin to rewind the clock
and start to put these pieces back together
359
00:22:26.387 --> 00:22:28.765
to tell the story of
Titanic's final moments.
360
00:22:29.306 --> 00:22:32.228
You've got to get to the night
the ship hit the bottom.
361
00:22:32.229 --> 00:22:34.102
What happened when it hit the bottom?
362
00:22:34.103 --> 00:22:37.605
Then you've got to be able to separate out
all the bottom impact damage
363
00:22:37.606 --> 00:22:40.450
from what might have happened
as it descended through the water column.
364
00:22:41.151 --> 00:22:42.365
It's important to know that
365
00:22:42.366 --> 00:22:47.117
things that people have identified as
possibly iceberg damage probably aren't.
366
00:22:48.325 --> 00:22:50.952
A good example of this is
the so-called "big opening,"
367
00:22:50.953 --> 00:22:54.298
a hole blasted in the starboard side
of Titanic's bow.
368
00:22:55.249 --> 00:22:59.174
We now know it isn't iceberg damage.
But how do we explain it,
369
00:22:59.670 --> 00:23:01.798
and the other destruction to the bow?
370
00:23:02.548 --> 00:23:06.269
It hit first here,
pushed forward as it settled.
371
00:23:06.760 --> 00:23:09.434
So, the question is,
what did it do when it hit?
372
00:23:09.805 --> 00:23:13.855
It hits, crushes like that, momentarily.
373
00:23:14.143 --> 00:23:17.647
This stops moving at that point,
other than to slide forward.
374
00:23:18.564 --> 00:23:21.613
And then it's got a mound of debris
underneath it,
375
00:23:21.614 --> 00:23:24.488
and it bends the other way when it lands.
376
00:23:24.820 --> 00:23:27.572
And I'll show you
what that looks like in animation,
377
00:23:27.573 --> 00:23:31.248
because we thought about this a lot
when we animated it.
378
00:23:31.249 --> 00:23:33.496
Take me a second to find it here.
379
00:23:34.955 --> 00:23:37.830
Okay, we made this in '95, for the movie.
380
00:23:37.840 --> 00:23:40.256
I still think it's a useful reference
for the bow's impact,
381
00:23:40.878 --> 00:23:44.178
even though
some of the other details aren't right.
382
00:23:44.590 --> 00:23:49.221
This is arrival.
There is the initial deformation,
383
00:23:50.471 --> 00:23:54.269
which actually puts the forward well deck
in compression,
384
00:23:54.270 --> 00:23:56.985
probably buckled in compression,
at that point.
385
00:23:56.986 --> 00:24:01.397
And that's the point
at which the big opening starts.
386
00:24:01.398 --> 00:24:04.250
'Cause it's actually getting exercised
in two directions.
387
00:24:04.260 --> 00:24:07.121
And then the back end now is falling,
falling down,
388
00:24:08.300 --> 00:24:11.250
and is hitting and compressing.
389
00:24:11.742 --> 00:24:14.962
Is that the cover I saw?
The hatch cover flying off, there.
390
00:24:14.963 --> 00:24:17.330
Right, exactly. We animated that.
391
00:24:17.331 --> 00:24:21.427
The hatch, it's the farthest piece
of the ship from the breakup.
392
00:24:23.300 --> 00:24:25.510
How did this thing get out there?
393
00:24:25.520 --> 00:24:27.548
Jim, those forces, to snap bolts...
394
00:24:27.549 --> 00:24:29.893
I mean, that's something
I can't get my mind around.
395
00:24:29.894 --> 00:24:32.971
So either at the moment of initial impact,
396
00:24:32.972 --> 00:24:35.600
or at the moment
that the ship slams down,
397
00:24:36.580 --> 00:24:41.155
the hydraulic forces inside the ship
are enough to blow this hatch off.
398
00:24:41.563 --> 00:24:45.534
So you've got some internal over-pressure
here, that's hydraulic.
399
00:24:45.535 --> 00:24:48.903
And over the large area
of that number one hatch,
400
00:24:48.904 --> 00:24:51.325
it just breaks every bolt at the same time.
401
00:24:51.326 --> 00:24:56.122
The hatch doesn't peel off sequentially,
it's an evenly distributed over-pressure.
402
00:24:56.123 --> 00:24:58.839
It just breaks
every bolt head simultaneously.
403
00:24:59.373 --> 00:25:01.922
Hydraulic outburst accounts
for the mysterious placement
404
00:25:01.923 --> 00:25:03.885
of the number one hatch.
405
00:25:04.420 --> 00:25:06.716
The damage we see to the bow
is more extensive
406
00:25:06.717 --> 00:25:09.718
than simply the force of impact
at the bottom.
407
00:25:10.884 --> 00:25:14.137
What could have possibly happened
as the bow plummeted two and a half miles,
408
00:25:14.138 --> 00:25:16.311
down to the ocean floor?
409
00:25:21.478 --> 00:25:24.680
She hits the berg on
the starboard side, right?
410
00:25:24.690 --> 00:25:26.779
She kind of bumps along, punching holes
like Morse code...
411
00:25:26.780 --> 00:25:29.277
In a scene from the movie Titanic,
we used animation
412
00:25:29.278 --> 00:25:31.246
to illustrate for Rose's character
413
00:25:31.655 --> 00:25:34.282
what we thought had happened
as the ship sank.
414
00:25:34.283 --> 00:25:37.702
So now as the bow goes down,
the stern rises up...
415
00:25:37.703 --> 00:25:41.920
Since then, we've come a long way
in our CG modeling and 3D animation,
416
00:25:41.921 --> 00:25:45.135
but most importantly
in our understanding of the disaster.
417
00:25:45.136 --> 00:25:48.963
So, what happens?
She splits, right down to the keel.
418
00:25:48.964 --> 00:25:53.259
The bow section planes away,
landing about a half a mile away,
419
00:25:53.260 --> 00:25:56.130
going 20, 30 knots
when it hits the ocean floor.
420
00:25:59.808 --> 00:26:01.142
Pretty cool, huh?
421
00:26:01.143 --> 00:26:05.444
Thank you for that fine
forensic analysis, Mr. Bodine.
422
00:26:06.648 --> 00:26:09.322
Of course, the experience of it was...
423
00:26:10.611 --> 00:26:12.528
somewhat different.
424
00:26:12.529 --> 00:26:14.998
Okay, this '95 animation
tells a good story,
425
00:26:15.324 --> 00:26:17.539
but some of the forensic details
aren't quite right.
426
00:26:17.540 --> 00:26:21.376
So with what we're learning now
in our current investigation,
427
00:26:21.377 --> 00:26:23.498
we're going to get to update this.
428
00:26:23.499 --> 00:26:27.800
It's pulling the whole ship down.
It now breaks. There's a relaxation.
429
00:26:29.713 --> 00:26:33.843
It's pulling it down, it rips away,
and then natural flooding.
430
00:26:34.900 --> 00:26:37.684
This is a big deal for me.
I've wanted to do this for a long time.
431
00:26:38.222 --> 00:26:42.220
A detailed and thoroughly accurate
visualization of Titanic sinking
432
00:26:42.230 --> 00:26:43.518
does not exist.
433
00:26:43.519 --> 00:26:45.233
Working with animator Casey Schatz
434
00:26:45.234 --> 00:26:47.948
and naval system engineer,
Parks Stephenson by remote,
435
00:26:48.482 --> 00:26:51.310
I'm gonna improve
what we did 15 years ago.
436
00:26:52.736 --> 00:26:55.760
This looks great.
This is the sum total of everything
437
00:26:55.770 --> 00:26:57.951
that you and Parks have been working on
over the last few weeks.
438
00:26:57.952 --> 00:27:00.290
- Yeah.
- I think it looks awesome.
439
00:27:00.291 --> 00:27:02.370
All right, let's go to the bow section.
440
00:27:02.371 --> 00:27:04.339
It's nice when you see it in
scale like this, isn't it?
441
00:27:04.340 --> 00:27:05.665
Oh, yeah. Totally!
442
00:27:05.666 --> 00:27:08.543
It just makes sense. When you see it
in scale, it all makes sense.
443
00:27:08.544 --> 00:27:11.343
And this is accurate, the ship is to scale
to the water column, right?
444
00:27:11.344 --> 00:27:13.339
Absolutely, I've been OCD
about everything.
445
00:27:13.340 --> 00:27:14.432
Okay.
446
00:27:14.883 --> 00:27:16.226
Not shocked by that.
447
00:27:17.177 --> 00:27:21.227
See? That's it, man. That's exactly
the way I always pictured it.
448
00:27:21.228 --> 00:27:24.853
So the stern is actually
only a few lengths behind.
449
00:27:25.310 --> 00:27:29.438
Yeah, it was surprising,
but it follows down fairly closely.
450
00:27:29.439 --> 00:27:32.737
Yeah, see, everybody always talks about
how it's planing forward.
451
00:27:32.738 --> 00:27:36.614
Yeah, it's planing forward, but if you looked
at this, you'd just say it was falling.
452
00:27:36.615 --> 00:27:40.663
Yes, it's planing forward,
and that accounts for its displacement.
453
00:27:40.909 --> 00:27:45.540
But it's one forward and six down,
so it's basically just falling.
454
00:27:45.831 --> 00:27:50.632
It dives and stalls.
And when it stalls, it moves forward.
455
00:27:50.878 --> 00:27:54.178
And then it dives and goes down,
and then it stalls and moves forward.
456
00:27:54.923 --> 00:27:56.924
We can't complete our update
of the animation
457
00:27:56.925 --> 00:27:59.343
till we answer some more questions.
458
00:27:59.344 --> 00:28:01.938
Let's keep working backwards
from the wreck.
459
00:28:02.598 --> 00:28:05.270
We've analyzed the force of impact
with the bottom,
460
00:28:05.271 --> 00:28:08.565
but that doesn't explain
ail the observable damage.
461
00:28:08.566 --> 00:28:10.985
What could have possibly happened
as the bow plummeted
462
00:28:10.986 --> 00:28:14.192
two-and-a-half miles
down to the ocean floor?
463
00:28:14.193 --> 00:28:19.700
To me, one of the fun parts of this
is looking at what happened to the bow
464
00:28:19.990 --> 00:28:22.950
right when it departed the surface.
465
00:28:22.951 --> 00:28:26.125
And looking at the evidence
for that high flow rate,
466
00:28:26.126 --> 00:28:28.624
that high longitudinal flow rate.
467
00:28:30.292 --> 00:28:34.422
Weighing at least 20,000 tons,
Titanic's bow tore away from the stern
468
00:28:34.423 --> 00:28:38.392
and plunged downward at a speed
of 25 to 30 miles per hour.
469
00:28:48.810 --> 00:28:51.188
This is the forward well deck of Titanic.
470
00:28:51.647 --> 00:28:55.993
And you can see there,
that kind of tubular object is the mast.
471
00:28:58.280 --> 00:28:59.325
You see the mast?
472
00:29:02.658 --> 00:29:07.380
We are up on the top of the deckhouse
right now, I think, aren't we?
473
00:29:07.390 --> 00:29:10.541
Yes! Just hold right on this. This is good.
474
00:29:20.717 --> 00:29:23.596
Do we have any pictures
of that area handy?
475
00:29:24.120 --> 00:29:27.478
Maybe one of Ken's paintings
is a better jumping off point.
476
00:29:27.479 --> 00:29:29.772
Yeah, that's the wreck section there.
477
00:29:29.773 --> 00:29:32.895
Ken feels very connected to Titanic.
478
00:29:32.896 --> 00:29:36.362
And quite honestly,
the movie was pitched using his paintings.
479
00:29:36.363 --> 00:29:40.532
I just opened up the big double-truck
spread of his glorious painting
480
00:29:40.533 --> 00:29:42.450
of the ship going down
with its lights blazing
481
00:29:42.451 --> 00:29:44.537
and the rockets being fired off,
482
00:29:44.538 --> 00:29:46.535
showed it to the studio executives
and said,
483
00:29:47.350 --> 00:29:49.208
"This ship, Romeo and Juliet. "
484
00:29:50.372 --> 00:29:53.169
And that's it.
It was probably the shortest pitch
485
00:29:53.170 --> 00:29:56.168
relative to the amount of money it raised
in the history of movies.
486
00:29:56.169 --> 00:29:58.671
Well, yeah, you can actually
see it pretty well in this painting.
487
00:29:58.672 --> 00:30:01.391
This is a good image.
Let's keep this image up.
488
00:30:03.385 --> 00:30:05.558
So, let's see what we've got.
489
00:30:05.887 --> 00:30:08.681
We got a mast that's knocked aft.
490
00:30:08.682 --> 00:30:12.273
So what force knocked the mast aft,
and then kept it there?
491
00:30:12.274 --> 00:30:15.899
Even though the ship hit the bottom
with a slight forward vector.
492
00:30:15.900 --> 00:30:19.572
All of the B deck, forward-facing windows,
493
00:30:20.360 --> 00:30:23.489
broken, broken, broken,
and that one's broken.
494
00:30:24.489 --> 00:30:27.413
So, to me, that all adds up to
495
00:30:27.909 --> 00:30:30.913
a very strong longitudinal flow
over the ship,
496
00:30:30.914 --> 00:30:35.837
sufficient not only to break the mast,
but to get that mast into position,
497
00:30:35.838 --> 00:30:40.759
and then allow it to shelter these windows
from a peak hydrodynamic pressure,
498
00:30:40.760 --> 00:30:43.900
which subsequently broke those windows.
499
00:30:44.926 --> 00:30:47.645
And when the bow broke away
and started speeding up,
500
00:30:47.646 --> 00:30:50.598
that's also what tore the crane off
501
00:30:50.599 --> 00:30:54.479
and the jib on this crane
went down behind it there.
502
00:30:54.936 --> 00:30:57.610
Where we find the mast today on the wreck
503
00:30:59.483 --> 00:31:05.286
is clearly a result of the bow section
breaking away from the stern
504
00:31:11.995 --> 00:31:14.293
and diving toward the bottom.
505
00:31:17.918 --> 00:31:19.627
And that initial speed,
506
00:31:19.628 --> 00:31:24.805
which could have gotten up to as high
as maybe 40 knots or something like that.
507
00:31:25.500 --> 00:31:29.521
That pressure of sea water pushing back,
it's too much for the mast.
508
00:31:29.888 --> 00:31:35.643
It just bent back, and probably bashed
around a little bit for a few seconds,
509
00:31:35.644 --> 00:31:38.488
destroyed the wheelhouse,
which was made of wood,
510
00:31:38.489 --> 00:31:41.575
and ended up right in that position.
511
00:31:42.651 --> 00:31:45.746
Hydrodynamic flow,
or the force of the racing water,
512
00:31:45.747 --> 00:31:47.865
caused considerable damage.
513
00:31:50.784 --> 00:31:56.462
So, this was our attempt to show
the mast doing that, in the '95 animation.
514
00:31:57.707 --> 00:32:01.877
So here is the mast coming back,
hits the wheelhouse,
515
00:32:01.878 --> 00:32:04.213
wheelhouse starts to peel off.
516
00:32:04.214 --> 00:32:06.683
Mast is kind of bouncing around
in that area,
517
00:32:07.500 --> 00:32:09.678
and then the wheelhouse
disintegrates in the flow.
518
00:32:10.679 --> 00:32:14.354
And I think it was more dramatic than that.
I think it was like a house in a hurricane.
519
00:32:14.355 --> 00:32:16.475
I think it just went in one.
520
00:32:16.476 --> 00:32:18.604
You know how,
when the house will start to lift,
521
00:32:18.605 --> 00:32:21.105
and then there's a moment
where it just goes
522
00:32:21.106 --> 00:32:23.527
because it gets too much
of an angle of attack.
523
00:32:23.528 --> 00:32:27.290
I don't think it just peeled away
like that. I think it kind of like...
524
00:32:27.300 --> 00:32:28.195
- Yeah.
- Yeah.
525
00:32:28.196 --> 00:32:31.744
Okay, we'll make sure to get this right
when I update the animation.
526
00:32:31.745 --> 00:32:34.995
But for now, the hydrodynamic flow
can't explain all of this damage.
527
00:32:49.920 --> 00:32:51.936
This deckhouse wall is pushed outward.
528
00:32:52.721 --> 00:32:57.227
Same on the other side, pushed outward.
Why just that? Why not all of it?
529
00:32:57.559 --> 00:33:00.600
- This roof is mushroomed.
- Yeah.
530
00:33:00.610 --> 00:33:03.941
Mushroomed out or pancaked down
with extreme force,
531
00:33:04.441 --> 00:33:09.690
and the top of the gymnasium
is bent down. The windows are all bent.
532
00:33:09.700 --> 00:33:12.948
That's not sag. It was buckled down.
533
00:33:12.949 --> 00:33:17.546
The roof was found to be sagged in with
a few pieces of funnel shell on that side.
534
00:33:18.790 --> 00:33:20.832
What caused this damage?
Are we missing something?
535
00:33:22.830 --> 00:33:25.506
So you've got this big wreck
coming down through the water column,
536
00:33:25.507 --> 00:33:26.924
it's pulling water down with it
537
00:33:26.925 --> 00:33:30.301
and it's been moving for miles,
literally at 25 miles an hour,
538
00:33:30.302 --> 00:33:33.891
pulling along this wake behind it,
just like the wake behind a race car
539
00:33:33.892 --> 00:33:36.766
that another race car can get into
and kind of draft.
540
00:33:36.767 --> 00:33:39.355
So there's all this moving water,
a big column of water.
541
00:33:39.356 --> 00:33:42.942
Ship hits the bottom, stops suddenly.
The column of water does not stop.
542
00:33:42.943 --> 00:33:46.442
It comes down on top of the ship,
pancakes down the roof,
543
00:33:46.443 --> 00:33:51.195
crushes down the decks,
and then spreads out across the sea floor.
544
00:33:51.196 --> 00:33:54.118
So it actually winds up
moving kind of horizontally
545
00:33:54.119 --> 00:33:56.334
and blowing objects away from the ship.
546
00:33:59.913 --> 00:34:03.133
Do we have any data on
the magnitude of the down blast?
547
00:34:04.125 --> 00:34:07.755
The hydro guy in me says that
it can't be all that huge.
548
00:34:07.756 --> 00:34:11.924
We are talking about buckling
and deforming in a big way,
549
00:34:11.925 --> 00:34:14.303
these moderate-sized structural members.
550
00:34:14.304 --> 00:34:18.307
And the total mass of water can't be
any much more than the mass of the ship.
551
00:34:19.570 --> 00:34:21.392
- Down blast is enormous.
- Okay.
552
00:34:21.393 --> 00:34:24.818
It's huge loading per square inch.
553
00:34:25.313 --> 00:34:29.233
Yeah, I professionally disagree
with that statement.
554
00:34:29.234 --> 00:34:31.735
It can't be the momentum
of the deck mushrooming,
555
00:34:31.736 --> 00:34:34.489
and then plasticailly deforming
and remaining there in permanent set?
556
00:34:34.698 --> 00:34:36.291
Plastically deforming just from inertia?
557
00:34:36.292 --> 00:34:39.326
So, the deck is falling,
falling, falling, stopping,
558
00:34:39.327 --> 00:34:41.750
there's nothing supporting
the middle of the deck, it just...
559
00:34:42.330 --> 00:34:44.169
Yeah. It's got water underneath it
560
00:34:44.170 --> 00:34:46.839
that needs to be compressed
out of the way for it to deform.
561
00:34:46.840 --> 00:34:50.450
What it does is, as it squashes the ship,
562
00:34:50.460 --> 00:34:52.925
it increases pressure
on the water inside the ship,
563
00:34:52.926 --> 00:34:55.676
which can't be compressed like air.
564
00:34:55.677 --> 00:34:59.394
So it has a hydraulic effect, just like
the fluid in a hydraulic cylinder,
565
00:34:59.395 --> 00:35:01.437
and it tends to blow things out the side.
566
00:35:01.438 --> 00:35:07.531
So this thing stops cold, and you've got
50,000 tons of water moving above it
567
00:35:08.231 --> 00:35:10.816
at, still, 30 miles an hour.
568
00:35:10.817 --> 00:35:14.993
That's 30 knots coming down.
Whatever its sinking speed was.
569
00:35:15.572 --> 00:35:18.246
Which is the equivalent of the flow here
that broke the mast,
570
00:35:18.247 --> 00:35:23.873
and broke all these windows, and peeled
off the davits, and did all that.
571
00:35:24.247 --> 00:35:27.968
They like to say that the steel
doesn't lie, but I like to...
572
00:35:28.793 --> 00:35:32.218
I think I'd revise that. I'd say that the
steel probably tells more complicated stories
573
00:35:32.219 --> 00:35:36.180
than we can tell from
how it's lying on the bottom of the ocean.
574
00:35:36.181 --> 00:35:38.554
There's two different energies going here.
575
00:35:38.555 --> 00:35:41.847
Number one, it took off, did this.
576
00:35:41.848 --> 00:35:45.569
Flow passed, weakened
a lot of these structures up here.
577
00:35:46.227 --> 00:35:50.733
Then it hit, and those weakened structures,
which were moving with the ship,
578
00:35:50.734 --> 00:35:52.571
all of a sudden, they do this.
579
00:35:52.572 --> 00:35:55.239
And then on top of this,
then you have your down blast.
580
00:35:55.240 --> 00:35:56.325
So it's a combined effect.
581
00:35:56.326 --> 00:35:57.910
Sure, it's definitely combined.
582
00:35:57.911 --> 00:36:01.873
I think that the steel and the water
are kind of flowing together.
583
00:36:01.874 --> 00:36:03.666
I agree with Parks on that, absolutely.
584
00:36:05.380 --> 00:36:08.254
But there is one curious detail
that baffles me.
585
00:36:08.255 --> 00:36:11.922
All the windows of the officers' quarters
on the boat deck are open.
586
00:36:11.923 --> 00:36:14.842
The air was freezing that night,
they wouldn't have opened them.
587
00:36:14.843 --> 00:36:18.930
So, who or what opened
those heavy-latched windows?
588
00:36:21.262 --> 00:36:24.687
So the interesting thing is, why are
these windows all open and forward?
589
00:36:25.767 --> 00:36:28.816
- Yeah, that is really interesting.
- Well, it went... The very front one...
590
00:36:28.817 --> 00:36:31.440
- No, but why are they unlatched?
- Why are they unlatched?
591
00:36:31.441 --> 00:36:33.565
- Unlatched is a different deal.
- It's down blast.
592
00:36:33.566 --> 00:36:35.159
We know why they're forward,
the hinges are that way.
593
00:36:35.160 --> 00:36:37.991
It's the overhead
just getting enough of a compression,
594
00:36:37.992 --> 00:36:41.820
'cause this is right under it,
and all those windows...
595
00:36:42.450 --> 00:36:43.745
So they just blew open.
596
00:36:43.746 --> 00:36:46.337
But why wouldn't it just break the glass?
597
00:36:46.338 --> 00:36:49.957
Why would it unhinge
solid brass hinges and latches?
598
00:36:49.958 --> 00:36:51.125
Yeah, one after another.
599
00:36:51.126 --> 00:36:53.127
Keep in mind,
there's two ways to latch this window.
600
00:36:53.128 --> 00:36:57.133
There's a day latch, which is done from
the casement, like we would all think of.
601
00:36:57.549 --> 00:37:00.223
- And then there is a storm...
- Which is this thing.
602
00:37:00.468 --> 00:37:02.182
Yeah, that's an eccentric.
603
00:37:02.183 --> 00:37:04.555
You close the window, you turn the crank,
604
00:37:04.556 --> 00:37:07.603
the eccentric shifts,
and it pins that window in place.
605
00:37:07.604 --> 00:37:11.821
That's not latched, so there's a day latch
that is actuated from the inside, right?
606
00:37:11.822 --> 00:37:15.315
If that handle weighed
more than the latching side,
607
00:37:15.316 --> 00:37:18.490
when the ship flopped down to the bottom,
all those handles flipped open?
608
00:37:18.491 --> 00:37:20.989
No, I think what happened is,
609
00:37:22.490 --> 00:37:27.161
the spindle that goes in
probably just failed from tension.
610
00:37:27.162 --> 00:37:31.129
A lot of times, people will look
at a device from the Victorian period
611
00:37:31.130 --> 00:37:34.334
and go, "Well, what's this for?"
And they will make up an answer.
612
00:37:34.335 --> 00:37:36.133
And unfortunately,
it's the wrong answer because
613
00:37:36.134 --> 00:37:40.509
our understanding of machinery
is different from the ones at the time.
614
00:37:40.510 --> 00:37:41.633
Oh, okay.
615
00:37:41.634 --> 00:37:44.181
Because it's a fairly large area,
and it's at the end of the fulcrum.
616
00:37:44.182 --> 00:37:46.225
Yeah, I see what you are saying.
Sure, it just blew them open.
617
00:37:46.226 --> 00:37:48.200
- Yes. It's not meant to...
- But didn't break the glass?
618
00:37:48.210 --> 00:37:49.475
And that was weaker than the glass.
619
00:37:49.476 --> 00:37:50.601
- But didn't break the glass.
- Yeah.
620
00:37:50.602 --> 00:37:54.680
Bill Sauder very modestly says
he knows the ship better than the builders,
621
00:37:54.690 --> 00:37:55.814
and I actually believe he does.
622
00:37:55.815 --> 00:37:59.690
He's the curator of an enormous collection
of Titanic artifacts.
623
00:37:59.694 --> 00:38:01.195
He has more day-to-day contact
624
00:38:01.196 --> 00:38:04.416
with the physical remains
of the ship than anyone.
625
00:38:05.450 --> 00:38:09.292
The one thing I'll remember about
Titanic artifacts, to the day I die,
626
00:38:09.293 --> 00:38:12.211
is when the Saalfeld perfume vials
came up.
627
00:38:13.166 --> 00:38:18.297
When you recover stuff from the Titanic,
it's wet, it's rusty, and it's rotten.
628
00:38:18.546 --> 00:38:24.530
And the smell that comes off it
is perfectly alien, perfectly fetid.
629
00:38:24.677 --> 00:38:28.557
You know it's a kind of death
you have never experienced.
630
00:38:29.933 --> 00:38:31.981
So the lab is kind of unpleasant,
631
00:38:32.310 --> 00:38:37.362
and then all of a sudden somebody opens
up this satchel, this leather satchel,
632
00:38:37.363 --> 00:38:39.983
and out comes the fragrance of heaven.
633
00:38:39.984 --> 00:38:44.613
It's all these flowers and fruity flavors,
634
00:38:44.614 --> 00:38:45.906
and it's delicious.
635
00:38:45.907 --> 00:38:48.581
It's the most wonderful thing
you've ever had.
636
00:38:51.329 --> 00:38:55.624
It was just a complete,
overwhelming experience.
637
00:38:55.625 --> 00:39:00.381
It was like, all of a sudden the fragrance
of heaven kind of goes through the room.
638
00:39:02.423 --> 00:39:07.270
Instead of being surrounded by
all of these dead things,
639
00:39:11.641 --> 00:39:14.815
for those few minutes,
the ship was alive again.
640
00:39:30.285 --> 00:39:32.538
Okay, we're filling in the picture
641
00:39:32.996 --> 00:39:35.795
from the flow, to the impact,
to the down blast.
642
00:39:36.332 --> 00:39:39.381
I understand the damage to Titanic's bow,
643
00:39:40.860 --> 00:39:42.214
but the stern is
a completely different story.
644
00:39:42.215 --> 00:39:45.930
It shattered beyond recognition,
like it was hit by a bomb.
645
00:39:45.931 --> 00:39:47.268
We're gonna figure out why.
646
00:39:53.266 --> 00:39:55.180
Well, my name is Ken Marschall.
647
00:39:55.310 --> 00:39:58.985
I've been studying the Titanic
for over three decades now.
648
00:40:00.231 --> 00:40:02.359
I called Ken Marschall
to this investigation
649
00:40:02.360 --> 00:40:04.985
because he knows the wreck site
better than anyone.
650
00:40:04.986 --> 00:40:08.991
He has created these remarkable paintings
that stand even today
651
00:40:08.992 --> 00:40:12.460
as a definitive guide to Titanic,
in life and in death.
652
00:40:18.541 --> 00:40:22.200
After 30 years
of studying the ship so intently
653
00:40:22.300 --> 00:40:24.843
and painting the ship so many times,
a hundred times,
654
00:40:24.844 --> 00:40:27.466
to see this thing in three dimensions
and be standing here,
655
00:40:27.467 --> 00:40:29.686
I am absolutely speechless.
656
00:40:29.886 --> 00:40:34.160
I've been painting Titanic
since the late 1960s.
657
00:40:34.349 --> 00:40:37.193
1967, actually, was my first painting.
658
00:40:39.562 --> 00:40:42.189
Ken has a keen visual memory
and the talent to composite
659
00:40:42.190 --> 00:40:45.535
hundreds of separate images
into these big picture mosaics.
660
00:40:47.362 --> 00:40:50.741
He is especially invaluable
with the internal archeological survey
661
00:40:50.742 --> 00:40:52.366
that we did with the robotics,
662
00:40:52.367 --> 00:40:54.910
because he can actually look at something
and identify it.
663
00:40:54.911 --> 00:40:58.379
There will be big brass letters that will say,
"A deck," "B deck," "C deck," or "D deck,"
664
00:40:58.380 --> 00:41:00.661
the first thing you see
when you come out of the elevator.
665
00:41:02.251 --> 00:41:05.881
And there it is. Bingo, baby! Bingo!
Tell him, bingo.
666
00:41:09.926 --> 00:41:13.681
With my paintbrush,
I've been spending truly my adult lifetime,
667
00:41:13.682 --> 00:41:16.264
I feel, subconsciously trying
668
00:41:16.265 --> 00:41:21.237
to bring all those souls back to life,
in a weird way.
669
00:41:22.397 --> 00:41:26.243
To honor their memory,
to keep it alive in peoples' memory.
670
00:41:28.690 --> 00:41:30.370
The ship and the people.
671
00:41:35.868 --> 00:41:40.247
When Bob Ballard's expedition
with the French found the wreck in 1985,
672
00:41:40.248 --> 00:41:43.843
the first images confirmed
that the ship had broken apart.
673
00:41:45.211 --> 00:41:48.806
But it was impossible to
see the entire wreck in one shot,
674
00:41:50.910 --> 00:41:53.885
so Ballard's publisher enlisted me
to paint composites,
675
00:41:53.886 --> 00:41:58.392
big-picture views of the ship created
from studying hundreds of close-ups.
676
00:42:00.727 --> 00:42:03.979
And that was my first exposure
to the wreck,
677
00:42:03.980 --> 00:42:08.952
other than the few pictures I'd seen
in magazines or in the news.
678
00:42:11.404 --> 00:42:15.125
Seeing all of this imagery
for the first time,
679
00:42:15.408 --> 00:42:19.788
Bob setting me up in a room downstairs,
right below his lab.
680
00:42:20.621 --> 00:42:25.502
Thousands of feet of individual stills
and I had to crank through this film.
681
00:42:25.793 --> 00:42:29.259
And I was doing sketching,
and I was pinpointing particular images
682
00:42:29.260 --> 00:42:33.556
that I needed enlargements of and duplicates
of in order to do these paintings.
683
00:42:34.677 --> 00:42:40.265
I thought we would find her, and
she'd still be in relatively good condition
684
00:42:40.266 --> 00:42:42.644
and still would look more like the ship,
685
00:42:42.645 --> 00:42:46.489
but instead she was just nuked,
just blasted apart.
686
00:42:47.774 --> 00:42:50.197
It was like going to an autopsy.
687
00:42:53.154 --> 00:42:56.454
It was quite a rude awakening.
688
00:43:03.122 --> 00:43:06.100
After three days of that,
I broke down in tears one night.
689
00:43:06.200 --> 00:43:09.379
I remember I called home
to speak to a friend,
690
00:43:09.921 --> 00:43:12.255
and I remember saying words to the...
691
00:43:12.256 --> 00:43:14.350
It kind of makes me tear up right now
to think about it.
692
00:43:14.351 --> 00:43:19.980
But I said to him,
"My ship! My ship, it's gone."
693
00:43:21.265 --> 00:43:24.180
It was so destroyed.
694
00:43:24.852 --> 00:43:27.526
And I knew the ship was in two pieces,
695
00:43:29.440 --> 00:43:34.820
but to see these close-up images
and the high resolution of some of them,
696
00:43:34.821 --> 00:43:38.744
and to look down and see how
completely ripped apart the ship was...
697
00:43:38.745 --> 00:43:42.712
I know it as I would a brother, a sister,
a mother, a father.
698
00:43:43.704 --> 00:43:48.500
And there she was,
in a million pieces. Dead.
699
00:43:52.880 --> 00:43:54.509
Some of the damage is easy to understand.
700
00:43:54.510 --> 00:43:56.760
Other aspects are downright mysterious,
701
00:43:57.927 --> 00:44:01.397
like the stern.
It's completely bizarre at first sight.
702
00:44:03.558 --> 00:44:06.232
Just like a bomb went off overhead.
703
00:44:09.272 --> 00:44:12.367
When I dived it, it was remarkable
to see the extent of the damage.
704
00:44:15.528 --> 00:44:18.202
The rudder and the enormous propellers
pinned in the sediment
705
00:44:18.203 --> 00:44:19.915
are hauntingly intact.
706
00:44:23.244 --> 00:44:27.124
Surrounding the stern is
a large concentration of mangled debris.
707
00:44:27.125 --> 00:44:29.672
It really looks like a plane crash.
708
00:44:32.962 --> 00:44:37.580
How do we know that the stern took off
toward the bottom going pretty fast?
709
00:44:37.425 --> 00:44:38.927
The poop deck.
710
00:44:39.594 --> 00:44:43.565
So the aft-most deck, the poop deck,
is doubled over completely.
711
00:44:43.931 --> 00:44:46.935
Three-eighths inch steel
folded like a taco.
712
00:44:47.185 --> 00:44:48.983
How did this happen?
713
00:44:49.270 --> 00:44:51.234
It's got a big electric crane sitting here,
714
00:44:51.235 --> 00:44:54.609
that's got a lot of sail area across,
on that axis.
715
00:44:55.260 --> 00:44:57.736
Right? So to take off toward the bottom,
716
00:44:57.737 --> 00:45:00.456
you got a really powerful
hydrodynamic loading here.
717
00:45:00.457 --> 00:45:04.578
So you got a big, sort of prying moment
right here,
718
00:45:05.912 --> 00:45:10.624
and it just rips this deck up,
which then catches lift,
719
00:45:10.625 --> 00:45:12.969
peels back, and flops over double,
and winds up like that.
720
00:45:12.970 --> 00:45:15.964
And you think that happened
in the first 500 feet...
721
00:45:15.965 --> 00:45:17.306
The first 30 seconds.
722
00:45:17.465 --> 00:45:21.811
Now, you might have had some implosions
in here, loosening rivets.
723
00:45:22.178 --> 00:45:23.680
You know, bang-bang.
724
00:45:37.818 --> 00:45:40.367
The stern left the surface
in a very different configuration.
725
00:45:41.405 --> 00:45:44.909
It had all its broken parts
faced into the current.
726
00:45:45.493 --> 00:45:48.713
And I think it just blew off,
all pretty close to the surface.
727
00:45:51.123 --> 00:45:55.502
And if something held on, it might
have been packed up against the face of it
728
00:45:55.503 --> 00:45:57.337
or flat back against the underside.
729
00:45:57.338 --> 00:45:59.900
And it took a while
for that to exercise loose,
730
00:45:59.100 --> 00:46:00.849
and all the loose stuff
had already been blown off.
731
00:46:00.850 --> 00:46:05.893
He is proposing that
the stern fell leading edge first,
732
00:46:07.556 --> 00:46:12.394
and that it was water passage
into and around that damage area
733
00:46:12.395 --> 00:46:17.526
that sort of peeled off and exfoliated,
basically, the first third of the stern.
734
00:46:19.986 --> 00:46:22.157
We didn't get this right
in the '95 animation,
735
00:46:22.158 --> 00:46:23.497
but we're gonna nail it now.
736
00:46:24.657 --> 00:46:26.625
I think the point you are making is,
this is not like
737
00:46:26.626 --> 00:46:28.159
that DD one, where it was just...
738
00:46:28.160 --> 00:46:30.412
- It was just leaves...
- It was just coming off in regular...
739
00:46:30.413 --> 00:46:32.507
- Right, right.
- Yeah, yeah. Copy.
740
00:46:32.508 --> 00:46:35.417
So all this stuff has come off the ship
741
00:46:35.418 --> 00:46:39.760
pretty much by the time the ship
is probably two-thirds or three-quarters
742
00:46:39.761 --> 00:46:42.990
of the way through that end swap,
so it's quick.
743
00:46:42.550 --> 00:46:45.222
So that's happening now.
So stuffs coming off,
744
00:46:45.223 --> 00:46:48.314
and decking is coming off,
and now it's all off.
745
00:46:48.764 --> 00:46:50.610
Yeah, it is fast. Wow.
746
00:46:51.434 --> 00:46:55.395
If you stick your hand out the window of
a moving car with a deck of playing cards,
747
00:46:55.396 --> 00:46:58.445
if you turn it this way, you can hold
on to it, and that's what the bow was.
748
00:46:58.446 --> 00:47:02.908
You turn it that way, they are all gone.
They'll all spilt apart and blow backwards.
749
00:47:02.909 --> 00:47:06.498
Because the second their angle of attack
increases to a few degrees,
750
00:47:06.499 --> 00:47:08.575
then it increases rapidly.
751
00:47:08.576 --> 00:47:10.910
Once it's at 90 degrees,
there's no holding on to it.
752
00:47:10.911 --> 00:47:12.458
It's gone. It all happens instantaneously.
753
00:47:12.459 --> 00:47:15.834
And at the moment that happens,
when those cards blow like that,
754
00:47:15.835 --> 00:47:18.928
there's a much stronger back force
on your hand.
755
00:47:20.463 --> 00:47:22.553
- Try it sometime.
- Yeah, I will.
756
00:47:22.554 --> 00:47:24.926
- Might get busted for littering.
- Exactly!
757
00:47:26.302 --> 00:47:28.805
It feels great to have a second chance
to get this stuff right.
758
00:47:28.806 --> 00:47:33.310
In the '95 animation, the stern didn't
spiral, but we now know that it did.
759
00:47:34.477 --> 00:47:39.689
Because I think that
when the stern hit the ground,
760
00:47:39.690 --> 00:47:42.660
it did not hit straight down.
I think it slid.
761
00:47:43.277 --> 00:47:46.121
Definitely, because its back is broken.
762
00:47:46.989 --> 00:47:49.574
The axis of this part of it...
763
00:47:49.575 --> 00:47:51.953
- Perfectly centered.
- Rudder is pinned in the sediment perfectly,
764
00:47:51.954 --> 00:47:54.454
and the props are pinned
in the sediment perfectly,
765
00:47:54.455 --> 00:47:55.957
and that's the anchor,
and then it comes down.
766
00:47:55.958 --> 00:48:00.130
Which actually makes sense, 'cause it
peeled off all this stuff over here
767
00:48:00.131 --> 00:48:01.923
and blew that side out flat.
768
00:48:01.924 --> 00:48:03.798
- Yes, that's true.
- Rig ht.
769
00:48:04.382 --> 00:48:07.477
It still doesn't explain
these freaking cranes.
770
00:48:07.478 --> 00:48:08.685
Yeah, I know.
771
00:48:09.220 --> 00:48:11.810
Why were those cranes there?
Where did they come from?
772
00:48:11.811 --> 00:48:15.220
Did they originate from the poop deck?
Did they originate from the well deck?
773
00:48:15.230 --> 00:48:18.108
Or the A deck level?
We had to have an answer.
774
00:48:18.109 --> 00:48:21.700
Those cranes are loose,
and they are two-and-a-half miles up.
775
00:48:21.710 --> 00:48:24.156
- And somehow they end up...
- No, no, no. I think...
776
00:48:24.157 --> 00:48:26.698
- These cranes came down with the stern.
- Exactly.
777
00:48:26.699 --> 00:48:30.495
Somehow attached to the overturn
on the underside of the poop?
778
00:48:30.825 --> 00:48:32.164
How did they end up over there,
779
00:48:32.165 --> 00:48:34.580
when the poop deck went like that,
way up there?
780
00:48:34.581 --> 00:48:36.420
That's just my question.
781
00:48:36.430 --> 00:48:40.130
Did they fall from the surface?
Were they deposited there toward the end?
782
00:48:40.131 --> 00:48:44.631
It's kind of hard to tell. Every time we tried
to poke at a scenario that would explain it,
783
00:48:44.632 --> 00:48:45.844
there was a problem with it.
784
00:48:45.845 --> 00:48:49.344
- All right, let's take a look.
- Which one they are?
785
00:48:49.345 --> 00:48:53.980
I think there was this one part
still there. I'm not sure.
786
00:48:53.990 --> 00:48:57.352
Well, here is an interesting thing, these
cranes can be completely gone, unrelated,
787
00:48:57.601 --> 00:49:00.854
and the three that
you see sitting right here are these.
788
00:49:00.855 --> 00:49:03.859
- Right, this one is still there.
- Okay. Al! right. So it's these three.
789
00:49:03.860 --> 00:49:05.405
It would be these three.
790
00:49:05.406 --> 00:49:09.998
So, now you are talking about
a hydraulic outburst impact effect.
791
00:49:10.489 --> 00:49:12.160
The ship hits the bottom, plows in,
792
00:49:12.161 --> 00:49:14.498
compresses all of this shell plating
underneath here,
793
00:49:14.499 --> 00:49:16.539
and everything gets ejected up.
794
00:49:16.540 --> 00:49:20.883
Including the entire well deck,
which winds up lying someplace nearby.
795
00:49:21.584 --> 00:49:24.878
I had to bring to bear
some of my observations
796
00:49:24.879 --> 00:49:27.755
about the effects of hydraulic outburst.
797
00:49:27.756 --> 00:49:30.928
When these big masses come down
and stop suddenly on the bottom,
798
00:49:30.929 --> 00:49:33.678
build up these intense,
internal hydraulic pressures,
799
00:49:33.679 --> 00:49:38.435
and how that can eject big, flat areas,
like decks, and like side shell plating
800
00:49:38.436 --> 00:49:41.938
and so on, and that probably launched
the cranes off the ship at that point.
801
00:49:43.230 --> 00:49:44.647
Okay, that makes sense.
802
00:49:44.648 --> 00:49:47.250
The placement of the cranes
and the damage to the poop deck
803
00:49:47.260 --> 00:49:49.825
help explain how the stern got obliterated.
804
00:49:50.290 --> 00:49:53.499
Now let's turn to what we don't know,
the three outliers.
805
00:49:54.740 --> 00:49:55.995
We haven't yet explained them.
806
00:49:55.996 --> 00:50:00.430
Until we do, we won't know exactly
what happened to the ship
807
00:50:00.440 --> 00:50:03.885
as she vanished beneath the surface
100 years ago.
808
00:50:10.900 --> 00:50:12.931
One of the more unique challenges
to studying the wreck
809
00:50:12.932 --> 00:50:15.271
is trying to see past what 100 years
810
00:50:15.272 --> 00:50:19.682
of sitting at the bottom of the ocean
has done to the steel.
811
00:50:19.683 --> 00:50:23.108
Titanic is not rusting in the way
that we would think of rusting.
812
00:50:23.109 --> 00:50:25.897
It's actually being eaten by bacteria.
813
00:50:25.898 --> 00:50:29.778
And the bodies of these bacteria form
these amazing structures called rusticles.
814
00:50:33.197 --> 00:50:35.114
They look like stalactites,
815
00:50:35.115 --> 00:50:37.742
and they are actually formed
in kind of a similar way
816
00:50:37.743 --> 00:50:41.373
in that stalactites are a deposition
of minerals created by gravity.
817
00:50:41.374 --> 00:50:44.707
This is actually the deposition
of dead bacteria
818
00:50:44.708 --> 00:50:48.588
that have iron inside their bodies
that they have absorbed from the ship,
819
00:50:48.589 --> 00:50:53.309
and they just kind of form these structures
that are actually organic.
820
00:50:54.176 --> 00:50:57.767
I think the rusticles are now
part of this amazing monument
821
00:50:57.768 --> 00:50:58.980
at the bottom of the ocean.
822
00:51:02.309 --> 00:51:05.438
- Tell him to move ahead slowly.
- Move ahead slow.
823
00:51:07.220 --> 00:51:10.151
Part of what's fascinating for me
is that it's this onion skin process.
824
00:51:10.152 --> 00:51:12.991
You have to peel away
the layers of the damage,
825
00:51:12.992 --> 00:51:16.992
working in reverse order from what
you're seeing right now in the present.
826
00:51:16.993 --> 00:51:19.585
Now we're looking at Titanic
from 100 years later,
827
00:51:19.586 --> 00:51:23.121
so you've got the deterioration
at the sea floor,
828
00:51:23.122 --> 00:51:26.501
on top of the bottom impact,
on top of the descent,
829
00:51:26.917 --> 00:51:29.136
and then the breakup at the surface.
830
00:51:30.838 --> 00:51:33.172
Once we apply our forensic process,
831
00:51:33.173 --> 00:51:36.551
Titanic's remains in the debris field
begin to tell the story
832
00:51:36.552 --> 00:51:40.523
of what happened on that night,
April 14, 1912.
833
00:51:46.520 --> 00:51:49.524
So far, our theory of how the wreck
traveled through the water column
834
00:51:49.525 --> 00:51:52.151
and what happened at impact
fits the evidence,
835
00:51:53.193 --> 00:51:55.412
except for three outliers.
836
00:51:56.488 --> 00:52:01.409
How did these two pieces of double bottom
and a pile of deckhouse debris
837
00:52:01.410 --> 00:52:05.665
from beneath the third funnel
end up far from the rest of the wreck?
838
00:52:15.174 --> 00:52:17.802
Well, the two double bottom sections
are wing-shaped, so...
839
00:52:17.803 --> 00:52:18.893
- These are wings.
- Yeah.
840
00:52:18.894 --> 00:52:21.950
- These are 747 wings.
- Yeah.
841
00:52:21.960 --> 00:52:25.226
They both happen to land
within a fairly narrow cone of each other,
842
00:52:25.227 --> 00:52:27.190
so it's likely
they were attached to each other
843
00:52:27.191 --> 00:52:29.526
and separated at some point
in the water column,
844
00:52:29.527 --> 00:52:30.610
and then fell separately.
845
00:52:30.611 --> 00:52:35.906
I agree. They had a weakened area that
kept them together for a certain period.
846
00:52:35.907 --> 00:52:38.740
When you're sitting at a table of experts,
847
00:52:38.750 --> 00:52:40.825
and you start whittling away
at what's real and what's not real,
848
00:52:40.826 --> 00:52:44.869
and you end up with real mysteries
that are solvable...
849
00:52:44.870 --> 00:52:47.419
You know, the answers are there.
The clues are at the bottom of the ocean.
850
00:52:47.420 --> 00:52:51.135
So, they're coming down through the water
851
00:52:51.669 --> 00:52:53.258
- kind of like that.
- Right.
852
00:52:53.259 --> 00:52:56.469
Right? And then finally it just
exercises it so much, it breaks apart,
853
00:52:56.470 --> 00:52:59.140
- whatever that last connection was.
- Right.
854
00:52:59.150 --> 00:53:01.427
It would look something like this.
855
00:53:01.428 --> 00:53:04.102
The pieces of double bottom keel
begin life together,
856
00:53:04.103 --> 00:53:10.610
and on the journey down, exercised apart,
planing away like an aircraft wing
857
00:53:10.620 --> 00:53:12.941
to where we find them today
out in the debris field.
858
00:53:16.902 --> 00:53:18.903
- All right. So, that accounts for that.
- Right.
859
00:53:18.904 --> 00:53:20.822
- That's not a planing shape.
- It's not.
860
00:53:20.823 --> 00:53:22.951
- This is just a big pile of junk.
- It's a big, ugly pile of junk.
861
00:53:22.952 --> 00:53:26.350
Big, dirty pile of junk
that would not have any strong tendency
862
00:53:26.360 --> 00:53:27.236
to plane in any one direction.
863
00:53:27.413 --> 00:53:30.873
And it's a big, lumpy shape.
864
00:53:30.874 --> 00:53:34.480
It's just a pile of crap
on the ocean floor right now.
865
00:53:34.962 --> 00:53:36.963
It has no aerodynamic qualities,
866
00:53:36.964 --> 00:53:39.882
has the same aerodynamic qualities
as one of the boilers.
867
00:53:39.883 --> 00:53:42.102
It's even bigger and larger
and heavier than the boilers,
868
00:53:42.103 --> 00:53:44.554
yet, it ended up way far out there.
869
00:53:44.555 --> 00:53:46.353
So, how did it get way over there?
870
00:53:48.350 --> 00:53:51.648
I think one of the big problems we have
is that we're thinking way over there,
871
00:53:51.649 --> 00:53:55.695
when really, detaching from this point,
it's way over there.
872
00:53:56.660 --> 00:53:57.650
Okay. No, no. I got it.
873
00:53:57.651 --> 00:54:00.323
- We're not getting the vertical scale.
- No, no. Understood.
874
00:54:00.324 --> 00:54:02.535
Right. So if something detaches here
875
00:54:02.536 --> 00:54:05.283
and frisbees off, it's only going that far.
876
00:54:05.284 --> 00:54:07.662
Jim threw out
a couple of quick ideas about it.
877
00:54:07.663 --> 00:54:12.290
Being attached to the stern,
and the stern spiraling down,
878
00:54:12.291 --> 00:54:15.440
and maybe it flung it off over there.
879
00:54:16.300 --> 00:54:18.970
But the problem with that is,
880
00:54:18.839 --> 00:54:25.110
there was a chunk of the ship
between that chunk and the stern,
881
00:54:25.120 --> 00:54:27.555
and that didn't get thrown out there.
882
00:54:27.556 --> 00:54:30.516
We don't have very good imagery of it.
883
00:54:30.517 --> 00:54:35.563
We're going to need better imagery of it
to try and understand it more,
884
00:54:35.564 --> 00:54:37.857
and see if there's clues in there
885
00:54:37.858 --> 00:54:41.533
that will help us understand
why it ended up out there so far.
886
00:54:42.988 --> 00:54:44.740
Although there are still mysteries,
887
00:54:45.320 --> 00:54:48.360
we've learned enough
to rewind the clock farther
888
00:54:48.370 --> 00:54:50.629
on the night of April 14, 1912,
889
00:54:51.380 --> 00:54:55.885
to the moment Titanic lost her fight
to stay afloat and broke in two.
890
00:54:56.210 --> 00:54:57.507
Let's take a look at the results of
891
00:54:57.508 --> 00:55:00.302
a two-and-a-half year study
by naval architects
892
00:55:00.303 --> 00:55:05.224
to see if we can pinpoint
where Titanic split and exactly how.
893
00:55:07.387 --> 00:55:10.561
We've peeled away the layers
to reconstruct the story of the forces
894
00:55:10.562 --> 00:55:14.528
that hammered Titanic
as she plummeted and hit bottom.
895
00:55:15.354 --> 00:55:18.278
Now, it's time to look at
the breakup at the surface.
896
00:55:27.741 --> 00:55:29.659
How did an unsinkable ship,
897
00:55:29.660 --> 00:55:33.585
the world's greatest technological marvel
at the time, break in two?
898
00:55:35.415 --> 00:55:39.795
If the wreck site is a crime scene,
the breakup was her last breath.
899
00:55:42.589 --> 00:55:44.590
In the days that followed the disaster,
900
00:55:44.591 --> 00:55:48.803
the US Senate hearing
and the British Board of Trade inquiry
901
00:55:48.804 --> 00:55:52.434
recorded contradictory
eyewitness testimony about the breakup.
902
00:55:53.851 --> 00:55:56.700
Some saw her break in two.
903
00:55:57.729 --> 00:56:00.608
Others swore she went down whole.
904
00:56:13.360 --> 00:56:16.666
The British Board of Trade
concluded that Titanic sank intact.
905
00:56:18.709 --> 00:56:20.251
Not until 1985,
906
00:56:20.252 --> 00:56:24.757
when explorer Bob Ballard's co-expedition
with the French found the wreck,
907
00:56:24.758 --> 00:56:28.477
did we have proof, once and for all,
that 'Wank. broke apart.
908
00:56:31.805 --> 00:56:33.933
Dr. Ballard will take questions now,
if you have any.
909
00:56:33.934 --> 00:56:35.853
How do you account for the fact that
910
00:56:35.854 --> 00:56:38.695
the bow and the stern
are at opposite ends of the debris field?
911
00:56:38.696 --> 00:56:44.275
Well, we found the boilers there,
major pieces of the stern,
912
00:56:44.276 --> 00:56:47.371
and that's separated by 800 meters.
I don't know.
913
00:56:47.372 --> 00:56:52.533
And again, I'm sure that 30%, if not more,
914
00:56:52.534 --> 00:56:56.414
of what I'm selling you right now
I will try to eat
915
00:56:56.830 --> 00:57:00.175
in a few weeks, when I finally get a chance
to look at my data.
916
00:57:08.759 --> 00:57:12.354
I'm kind of embarrassed
that somebody in the '70s or the '80s
917
00:57:12.355 --> 00:57:15.140
didn't put forward the breakup.
918
00:57:15.150 --> 00:57:17.725
- When you read the many accounts...
- It's all there.
919
00:57:17.726 --> 00:57:19.444
- it says, like...
- It's all spelled out.
920
00:57:19.445 --> 00:57:21.526
vast amounts of cork were found.
921
00:57:21.527 --> 00:57:24.318
Well, that's what they used
to insulate the uptakes.
922
00:57:24.319 --> 00:57:28.569
You know, the Pan's Wood,
it's a piece of wood from the lounges.
923
00:57:28.570 --> 00:57:29.913
As a matter of fact, you
use it in the movie.
924
00:57:29.914 --> 00:57:33.908
I think Rose is on it,
and Leo says, "Goodbye."
925
00:57:33.909 --> 00:57:36.327
Well, if the lounge is gone,
926
00:57:36.328 --> 00:57:38.918
and there's woodwork
from other parts of the ship,
927
00:57:38.919 --> 00:57:41.379
clearly there's no middle part
of the ship anymore.
928
00:57:41.380 --> 00:57:44.900
Why didn't the light bulb go off
in anybody's head?
929
00:57:44.910 --> 00:57:45.962
Because the wreck hadn't been found yet,
930
00:57:45.963 --> 00:57:48.466
and so there wasn't
as much worldwide interest.
931
00:57:48.467 --> 00:57:52.388
And so, there weren't groups of people
like ourselves focusing on this
932
00:57:52.389 --> 00:57:53.806
as much as we are now.
933
00:57:53.807 --> 00:57:56.225
Well, and then there is
that institutionalized myth.
934
00:57:56.226 --> 00:57:59.771
- Exactly. Who saw it break.
- There were survivors who said it broke.
935
00:57:59.772 --> 00:58:04.399
And they tried to tell the story,
and they were shouted down by experts,
936
00:58:04.400 --> 00:58:07.733
who insisted over the years that,
937
00:58:07.734 --> 00:58:10.236
"No, it couldn't have broken.
You're mistaken."
938
00:58:10.237 --> 00:58:12.577
- But this is the fun part of history.
- Yeah.
939
00:58:12.578 --> 00:58:15.825
Because everybody wanted to
think of Titanic as this majestic...
940
00:58:15.826 --> 00:58:17.415
They wanted to romanticize it.
941
00:58:17.416 --> 00:58:22.460
We wanted it to sink as this beautiful icon
that just passed away into another world.
942
00:58:22.461 --> 00:58:23.833
And be sitting on the bottom of...
943
00:58:23.834 --> 00:58:27.132
And is sitting on the bottom
in some ghostly, perfect way.
944
00:58:27.133 --> 00:58:32.222
Ruth Blanchard said, "People say that
I'm wrong, and that I didn't see right,
945
00:58:32.223 --> 00:58:34.390
"and that the ship
didn't really break in two.
946
00:58:34.391 --> 00:58:36.137
"I was only 12,
947
00:58:36.138 --> 00:58:40.105
"but I saw it, and we were
all talking about it in the lifeboat.
948
00:58:40.106 --> 00:58:42.727
"'Did you see that the ship broke in two?
949
00:58:42.728 --> 00:58:45.240
"'One part went this way,
and the rest went back down."'
950
00:58:45.250 --> 00:58:47.650
Now, they can't
all be having this hallucination.
951
00:58:47.651 --> 00:58:49.993
We heard a terrible explosion,
952
00:58:51.111 --> 00:58:55.614
and as all of you know,
the Titanic had four funnels.
953
00:58:55.615 --> 00:59:00.161
And when we heard this explosion,
the Titanic broke in half.
954
00:59:00.162 --> 00:59:01.379
I remember at one of our conventions,
955
00:59:01.380 --> 00:59:04.290
when Ruth Blanchard talked about
the ship breaking in two,
956
00:59:04.291 --> 00:59:05.586
and this was before they found the ship,
957
00:59:05.587 --> 00:59:07.960
and one of the officers at the society
grabbed the microphone
958
00:59:07.961 --> 00:59:09.634
and explained
how it was just her perception
959
00:59:09.635 --> 00:59:11.469
because the funnel had fallen.
960
00:59:11.470 --> 00:59:13.968
And in hindsight,
I wish she had taken the microphone back
961
00:59:13.969 --> 00:59:15.344
and said, "Were you there?"
962
00:59:16.178 --> 00:59:18.142
I called Don Lynch to this investigation
963
00:59:18.143 --> 00:59:21.563
for his insight into the experience
of the Titanic survivors.
964
00:59:22.476 --> 00:59:25.942
He spent his entire career
gathering their stories.
965
00:59:25.943 --> 00:59:29.111
Many of the survivors
were his close personal friends.
966
00:59:30.150 --> 00:59:34.779
Well, when I first joined
the Titanic Historical Society in 1974,
967
00:59:34.780 --> 00:59:37.158
and I realized
nobody had made an effort to find them.
968
00:59:37.159 --> 00:59:39.285
And so, I started tracking them down.
969
00:59:40.994 --> 00:59:44.294
I got to know a number of them,
I got to know some of them fairly well.
970
00:59:45.457 --> 00:59:48.254
The story of the Thanh is in the survivors,
971
00:59:48.255 --> 00:59:49.797
that's how we know what happened.
972
00:59:49.798 --> 00:59:51.923
And people sort of ignored that
all those years.
973
00:59:51.924 --> 00:59:54.840
There was always this fascination
with the ship and the shipwreck,
974
00:59:54.841 --> 00:59:57.140
and they didn't feel
we could learn more from the survivors.
975
00:59:57.150 --> 01:00:00.346
The question is,
what does seeing it break mean?
976
01:00:00.347 --> 01:00:02.348
Does it mean
seeing the ship suddenly move,
977
01:00:02.349 --> 01:00:03.894
associated with a loud noise?
978
01:00:03.895 --> 01:00:07.146
- No, they see an actual clean break.
- Right. Okay.
979
01:00:07.147 --> 01:00:10.524
So, do we know where the clean break is?
980
01:00:11.660 --> 01:00:12.534
- Right here?
- That's where the clean break is.
981
01:00:12.535 --> 01:00:14.153
And this is based on the wreck.
982
01:00:14.154 --> 01:00:17.760
- You're saying based on...
- On observations from the wreck.
983
01:00:17.239 --> 01:00:20.449
Well, it should be, actually,
at the promenade deck.
984
01:00:20.450 --> 01:00:22.326
It should be towards the top
of the promenade deck,
985
01:00:22.327 --> 01:00:24.954
or just at the bottom of the boat deck,
986
01:00:24.955 --> 01:00:28.207
midway between the second
and third funnels.
987
01:00:28.208 --> 01:00:29.291
- Here.
- There you go.
988
01:00:29.292 --> 01:00:31.132
- Oh, so that's right.
- He's just about right.
989
01:00:31.878 --> 01:00:34.713
The '95 animation gets this detail wrong.
990
01:00:34.714 --> 01:00:37.511
It shows the clean break
just behind the third funnel,
991
01:00:37.512 --> 01:00:39.724
and we now know that
it broke in front of it.
992
01:00:39.725 --> 01:00:42.438
Okay, I'm gonna fix this
in the new animation.
993
01:00:43.890 --> 01:00:46.225
So, we know where she broke.
994
01:00:46.226 --> 01:00:49.700
The question now is, how?
995
01:00:49.521 --> 01:00:53.607
It all comes back to,
did it detach in the vertical position?
996
01:00:53.608 --> 01:00:56.200
And what does that mean to
what subsequently happened to the stern?
997
01:00:56.201 --> 01:00:57.945
'Cause the stern is
where all the people were.
998
01:00:57.946 --> 01:00:59.572
And there are so many conflicting accounts
999
01:00:59.573 --> 01:01:01.744
of the stern being vertical,
but not vertical.
1000
01:01:01.745 --> 01:01:04.369
Kind of also, you know,
"How wrong was the movie?"
1001
01:01:05.780 --> 01:01:08.820
That's kind of important to me
as well, you know.
1002
01:01:08.830 --> 01:01:11.584
But I think we were right about
the idea that the bow swung down,
1003
01:01:11.585 --> 01:01:16.910
once the forces were relieved,
and it broke, swung down,
1004
01:01:22.262 --> 01:01:25.431
and took off for the bottom
with a high rate.
1005
01:01:25.432 --> 01:01:28.147
Right. So, one thing is very strong enough
1006
01:01:28.148 --> 01:01:30.487
to hold the bow attached to the stern.
1007
01:01:30.488 --> 01:01:31.645
Double bottom.
1008
01:01:31.646 --> 01:01:33.833
- Double bottom...
- Double bottom is holding it together.
1009
01:01:33.857 --> 01:01:36.572
'Wank: was constructed
with a double bottom,
1010
01:01:36.573 --> 01:01:40.618
which in theory made the ship's underside
more resistant to damage and flooding.
1011
01:01:41.310 --> 01:01:45.810
Could this innovation have delayed
Titanic's breakup and bought time,
1012
01:01:45.820 --> 01:01:48.370
maybe only minutes,
to save additional lives?
1013
01:01:48.371 --> 01:01:49.872
Did a piece of the double bottom
1014
01:01:49.873 --> 01:01:52.843
hold the bow and stern together
till the very last moment?
1015
01:01:57.464 --> 01:02:01.262
We've all been thinking of this as the
classic break-the-sword-over-the-knee,
1016
01:02:01.263 --> 01:02:02.429
one split, and that's fine,
1017
01:02:02.430 --> 01:02:06.269
'cause that does account
for the primary fracture at Frame 12 aft.
1018
01:02:06.270 --> 01:02:10.481
But is it possible that there is
some sort of rotational component?
1019
01:02:10.482 --> 01:02:13.105
Because I want to ask whether or not
you're looking at,
1020
01:02:13.106 --> 01:02:15.275
in medicine, what's called
a "greenstick fracture."
1021
01:02:15.276 --> 01:02:17.526
- Oh, absolutely.
- If you take a bone and twist it,
1022
01:02:17.527 --> 01:02:21.155
it doesn't cleave, it fractures
in a complicated spiral way.
1023
01:02:21.156 --> 01:02:23.748
The so-called "greenstick fracture"
is the way in which
1024
01:02:23.749 --> 01:02:27.868
the keel broke away from the ship,
1025
01:02:27.869 --> 01:02:30.998
to account for how it's isolated
from the rest of the wreck.
1026
01:02:31.498 --> 01:02:35.376
Sometimes when structures fail,
1027
01:02:35.377 --> 01:02:39.672
the last part to fail will stay connected
to both ends.
1028
01:02:39.673 --> 01:02:41.469
Maybe we should take it over to the...
1029
01:02:41.470 --> 01:02:42.930
- Do you wanna go?
- Okay. Yeah.
1030
01:02:42.931 --> 01:02:44.180
Grab your banana.
1031
01:02:45.262 --> 01:02:47.140
- Hello?
- I beg your pardon?
1032
01:02:48.348 --> 01:02:50.646
A little early in the party for that,
don't you think?
1033
01:02:50.647 --> 01:02:52.476
Right. So, yes.
1034
01:02:52.477 --> 01:02:53.729
It actually works quite well.
1035
01:02:53.730 --> 01:02:55.688
This is one of our
scientific analysis tools.
1036
01:02:55.689 --> 01:02:58.489
Yeah, it's pretty good, because
look what happens when you rip through.
1037
01:02:58.775 --> 01:03:02.325
A banana turns out to be a great way
to model the breakup of Titanic.
1038
01:03:02.779 --> 01:03:04.869
So imagine that
the bow is going underwater,
1039
01:03:04.870 --> 01:03:06.240
and the stern's being lifted up.
1040
01:03:06.241 --> 01:03:08.913
And you've got
a center of buoyancy right here.
1041
01:03:08.914 --> 01:03:11.914
This is gonna be so cool,
'cause it's gonna break just like the ship.
1042
01:03:11.915 --> 01:03:14.456
So it starts to break at the top,
1043
01:03:14.457 --> 01:03:18.380
there's a buckling failure underneath,
which you can see right there.
1044
01:03:18.381 --> 01:03:20.960
Starts to tear down. Right?
1045
01:03:20.970 --> 01:03:23.924
So now the stern's falling back,
the bow's sinking down,
1046
01:03:23.925 --> 01:03:26.719
and as they separate... Check that out.
1047
01:03:26.720 --> 01:03:30.431
There is the double bottom
separating from the stern
1048
01:03:30.432 --> 01:03:32.683
and from the bow.
1049
01:03:32.684 --> 01:03:34.186
All right'?
Now the only thing that's missing...
1050
01:03:34.187 --> 01:03:35.607
You've got to tear it.
1051
01:03:36.620 --> 01:03:40.232
And this is how the bow separates
and drops down, like that.
1052
01:03:40.233 --> 01:03:43.736
Now the stern's sitting at the surface
with this big piece of double bottom.
1053
01:03:43.737 --> 01:03:45.614
The stern now floods, goes vertical,
1054
01:03:45.615 --> 01:03:49.330
heads for the bottom
at high speed, like this.
1055
01:03:49.340 --> 01:03:50.911
And this big piece of windage here,
1056
01:03:50.912 --> 01:03:54.371
that's flapping in the breeze, bends back,
1057
01:03:54.372 --> 01:03:57.875
breaks off, and goes frisbeeing off
across the debris field
1058
01:03:57.876 --> 01:04:00.400
about a quarter of a mile away.
1059
01:04:01.400 --> 01:04:02.597
Banana peel theory.
1060
01:04:08.928 --> 01:04:13.200
Okay, let's rewind the clock to
the early morning hours of April 15, 1912.
1061
01:04:13.210 --> 01:04:16.188
Go back to the moment
just before Titanic broke
1062
01:04:16.189 --> 01:04:19.146
in order to understand
the escalation of forces
1063
01:04:19.147 --> 01:04:21.680
that caused this massive failure
in a structure
1064
01:04:21.690 --> 01:04:22.864
that's designed to be unbreakable.
1065
01:04:28.823 --> 01:04:30.616
Basically, buoyancy
1066
01:04:30.617 --> 01:04:32.870
is what determines if
the ship floats or not.
1067
01:04:33.912 --> 01:04:38.759
In Titanic's case, the stern maintained
its positive buoyancy for a while
1068
01:04:38.760 --> 01:04:40.667
and stayed on the surface,
1069
01:04:40.668 --> 01:04:42.586
then the bow became nothing
but a dead weight
1070
01:04:42.587 --> 01:04:44.347
that's got to go to the
bottom of the ocean.
1071
01:04:45.632 --> 01:04:49.478
Once the bow had gone under and lifted
the stern right out of the water,
1072
01:04:49.479 --> 01:04:53.815
stresses not anticipated
by the ship's designers wreaked havoc.
1073
01:05:14.327 --> 01:05:19.915
If this bow was hanging down like you say,
it's totally negative buoyancy.
1074
01:05:19.916 --> 01:05:23.507
Or very close to it. Probably has
still some airspace at the top.
1075
01:05:23.508 --> 01:05:28.132
Which speaks to the buoyancy in the stern
because that thing is holding up...
1076
01:05:28.133 --> 01:05:29.726
- That's what's holding it.
- All of that.
1077
01:05:29.727 --> 01:05:33.183
Thought of as a complete system,
it's still positively buoyant.
1078
01:05:33.184 --> 01:05:35.681
But there's this huge negative mass,
pendulous mass,
1079
01:05:35.682 --> 01:05:40.686
which breaks off at some point,
maybe at this angle, maybe at this angle,
1080
01:05:40.687 --> 01:05:42.232
maybe it hangs on for a second.
1081
01:05:42.233 --> 01:05:45.530
Maybe as it is achieving that angle,
it's ripping away.
1082
01:05:47.193 --> 01:05:49.537
In order to test popularly held assumptions
1083
01:05:49.538 --> 01:05:51.572
based on eyewitness accounts,
1084
01:05:51.573 --> 01:05:53.869
I've commissioned
a team of naval architects
1085
01:05:53.870 --> 01:05:56.666
to apply a scientific method
to Titanic's breakup,
1086
01:05:57.360 --> 01:05:59.710
to really separate myth from reality.
1087
01:06:00.665 --> 01:06:02.963
Do you wanna tell us about
the modeling software that was used?
1088
01:06:02.964 --> 01:06:05.169
Sure. I think we need to shift...
1089
01:06:05.170 --> 01:06:06.879
We'll switch to...
1090
01:06:06.880 --> 01:06:09.191
- Yeah, we'll come back to this.
- Stettler's computer, please.
1091
01:06:09.215 --> 01:06:10.260
So, what I wanted to do...
1092
01:06:10.261 --> 01:06:13.387
I'll just stand up a little bit,
here, to illustrate.
1093
01:06:13.388 --> 01:06:16.226
These are called
hydrostatics and stability softwares,
1094
01:06:16.227 --> 01:06:18.145
and there's a number of them out there.
1095
01:06:18.391 --> 01:06:20.392
Basically the way they all work is,
1096
01:06:20.393 --> 01:06:24.648
- you use the lines drawing for the ship...
- What did you use as a source?
1097
01:06:24.649 --> 01:06:26.900
The Harland and Wolff drawings?
1098
01:06:27.442 --> 01:06:29.661
Right, the original drawings
from Harland and Wolff.
1099
01:06:30.361 --> 01:06:34.366
In Titanic's time, shipbuilding
was at the cutting edge of all industries.
1100
01:06:34.367 --> 01:06:37.117
Harland and Wolff, based
in Belfast, Ireland,
1101
01:06:37.118 --> 01:06:40.247
was a revolutionary shipyard
that designed iron ships
1102
01:06:40.248 --> 01:06:42.965
that didn't simply copy
the design of wooden ships.
1103
01:06:44.420 --> 01:06:46.257
This allowed them to build bigger, better,
1104
01:06:46.258 --> 01:06:50.723
and technologically superior vessels
ahead of any of their competitors.
1105
01:06:51.424 --> 01:06:54.765
Unfortunately, their crowning
achievement, Titanic,
1106
01:06:54.766 --> 01:06:58.610
flooded, split in half,
and sank to the bottom of the ocean.
1107
01:06:59.390 --> 01:07:02.688
Now, using today's most advanced
shipbuilding computer tools,
1108
01:07:02.689 --> 01:07:04.937
Commander Stettler
will attempt to figure out
1109
01:07:04.938 --> 01:07:08.650
why Harland and Wolff's design failed.
1110
01:07:08.660 --> 01:07:12.270
So this is just a representative section,
as we call them.
1111
01:07:12.280 --> 01:07:15.407
All the compartments had to be defined
by the balance of the decks.
1112
01:07:15.408 --> 01:07:16.995
So you can see the coal bunkers,
1113
01:07:16.996 --> 01:07:21.792
and the salt water tanks are green,
and the blue are the fresh water tanks.
1114
01:07:22.747 --> 01:07:25.626
So we model the hull
as a bunch of these sections,
1115
01:07:25.627 --> 01:07:27.751
basically, these slices,
1116
01:07:27.752 --> 01:07:33.215
and for each slice, that slice has
an area of property associated with it.
1117
01:07:33.216 --> 01:07:37.960
And we can actually calculate, basically,
the resistance to bending,
1118
01:07:37.970 --> 01:07:39.974
or flexure, of that section of the hull.
1119
01:07:40.181 --> 01:07:42.896
And then we can use that
to find the stress.
1120
01:07:42.897 --> 01:07:45.439
So let me just shift the view a little bit.
1121
01:07:45.440 --> 01:07:48.155
Now let's look at the stress, say,
in this panel here,
1122
01:07:48.356 --> 01:07:50.575
and plot the bending moment.
1123
01:07:51.317 --> 01:07:56.323
So, now you see what's on the bottom
is actually negative.
1124
01:07:56.698 --> 01:07:58.198
Compressive stresses in the bottom.
1125
01:07:58.199 --> 01:08:00.420
- Compressive stress in the bottom.
- Tension...
1126
01:08:00.430 --> 01:08:03.163
And you see the yellow
and a little bit of red up there,
1127
01:08:03.164 --> 01:08:06.600
that's tensional or
positive stresses. Okay?
1128
01:08:06.499 --> 01:08:08.125
So what's interesting is,
it's basically saying that
1129
01:08:08.126 --> 01:08:11.336
the bottom plating of the ship will buckle
1130
01:08:11.337 --> 01:08:14.170
- before the material reaches a yield stress.
- At a smaller stress.
1131
01:08:14.173 --> 01:08:17.509
Just to be clear,
based on your calculations,
1132
01:08:17.510 --> 01:08:20.225
we're thinking that
the bottom buckled first,
1133
01:08:20.226 --> 01:08:22.394
before the shell broke at the top.
1134
01:08:22.395 --> 01:08:23.473
Correct.
1135
01:08:23.474 --> 01:08:26.521
We know the steel was better in tension
than it was in compression.
1136
01:08:26.522 --> 01:08:28.520
Right, but that makes the keel
even stronger.
1137
01:08:28.521 --> 01:08:30.731
It was put into compression,
1138
01:08:30.732 --> 01:08:33.250
but was still strong enough to hold
1139
01:08:33.260 --> 01:08:35.199
- the two sections together momentarily.
- To hold together.
1140
01:08:35.200 --> 01:08:38.730
What Commander Stettler was able to do
1141
01:08:38.239 --> 01:08:42.289
was bring a rational, mathematical model.
1142
01:08:43.360 --> 01:08:45.880
No cinema tricks,
1143
01:08:46.372 --> 01:08:51.430
no mythology, just the facts.
"This is what the computer said."
1144
01:08:51.440 --> 01:08:53.547
I found that was a breath of fresh air,
1145
01:08:53.548 --> 01:08:58.508
because it lets you sever the chains
with those preconceptions you have
1146
01:08:58.509 --> 01:08:59.726
and say, "A-ha!
1147
01:09:00.553 --> 01:09:02.806
“This is what happened."
1148
01:09:03.848 --> 01:09:06.818
Commander Stettler's analysis
gives us the scientific proof
1149
01:09:06.819 --> 01:09:09.904
to support our ideas of
Titanic's last hours.
1150
01:09:11.856 --> 01:09:13.357
But what about the flooding itself,
1151
01:09:13.358 --> 01:09:15.360
and how the rushing water
brought the ship down?
1152
01:09:17.862 --> 01:09:20.240
Did her stern really rise out of the water?
1153
01:09:20.990 --> 01:09:23.455
It's a controversial shot in the movie,
1154
01:09:23.456 --> 01:09:27.126
a gut-wrenching, big-screen moment
based on survivor testimony.
1155
01:09:27.914 --> 01:09:29.916
Is this really how it happened?
1156
01:09:37.840 --> 01:09:42.596
If the breakup was Titanic's last breath,
the iceberg strike was her death blow.
1157
01:09:47.600 --> 01:09:50.227
It damaged nearly 300 feet of her hull,
1158
01:09:50.228 --> 01:09:54.108
allowing flooding in five
of her 16 major watertight compartments.
1159
01:10:02.281 --> 01:10:04.784
An injury that fatally crippled the ship.
1160
01:10:11.124 --> 01:10:14.378
No one has ever actually seen
the iceberg damage.
1161
01:10:14.379 --> 01:10:17.677
It lies buried in the sediment,
underneath the ocean floor.
1162
01:10:18.131 --> 01:10:22.511
But using the modern analytic tools
of the shipbuilding industry,
1163
01:10:22.512 --> 01:10:25.684
can we fill in some holes
in our understanding of the flooding?
1164
01:10:25.888 --> 01:10:30.359
So, Commander Stettler's gonna start off.
He's gonna show us the sinking studies.
1165
01:10:30.360 --> 01:10:31.435
Yep.
1166
01:10:31.436 --> 01:10:34.110
Let's turn to the flooding analysis
to look for facts.
1167
01:10:36.315 --> 01:10:40.444
We know some things about
the initiation of the flooding,
1168
01:10:40.445 --> 01:10:44.750
that it sideswiped an iceberg,
that it opened the first five compartments.
1169
01:10:44.365 --> 01:10:48.827
We have some outer boundaries
that were set up by the testimony.
1170
01:10:48.828 --> 01:10:50.918
We know it didn't take three days to sink,
1171
01:10:50.919 --> 01:10:54.336
we know it took about two-and-a-half,
two hours and 40 minutes.
1172
01:10:54.337 --> 01:10:55.880
So, there are certain things we know.
1173
01:10:55.881 --> 01:11:00.172
They were able to create
a model complex enough
1174
01:11:00.173 --> 01:11:04.178
and accurate enough to be able to tell us
certain things we didn't know before.
1175
01:11:05.344 --> 01:11:08.188
How did the floodwater
move through the ship?
1176
01:11:09.150 --> 01:11:11.689
How did the bow so rapidly go negative?
1177
01:11:13.600 --> 01:11:14.778
How did the stern rise?
1178
01:11:16.220 --> 01:11:19.526
Let's turn to the naval architects'
progressive flooding mode!
1179
01:11:19.527 --> 01:11:21.260
To look for facts.
1180
01:11:21.270 --> 01:11:25.770
Part of the analysis that I was working on
is a hydrostatics study.
1181
01:11:25.780 --> 01:11:28.200
It involves tracking the floodwater
1182
01:11:28.201 --> 01:11:32.204
as it moves from the sea,
through the holes in the hull,
1183
01:11:32.205 --> 01:11:34.169
up and through all the compartments.
1184
01:11:34.170 --> 01:11:36.543
I have sliced the model up
in a bunch of places,
1185
01:11:36.544 --> 01:11:40.712
so you have Hold 1, Hold 2, Hold 3.
1186
01:11:40.713 --> 01:11:42.384
We haven't ever been able to track
1187
01:11:42.385 --> 01:11:45.225
the compartment-to-compartment
progression of floodwater before.
1188
01:11:45.510 --> 01:11:47.550
It allows us to determine
1189
01:11:47.560 --> 01:11:49.763
if the floodwater would've reached
one part of a compartment
1190
01:11:49.764 --> 01:11:51.437
or a different part of a compartment first.
1191
01:11:51.438 --> 01:11:56.654
It allows us to much more accurately see,
at any intermediate stage of flooding,
1192
01:11:56.655 --> 01:11:58.563
how the ship is loaded
1193
01:11:58.564 --> 01:12:00.817
and what the structural
consequences of that are.
1194
01:12:01.776 --> 01:12:03.449
All right, so here we go.
1195
01:12:14.372 --> 01:12:17.251
It's recalculating everything
on ten-second intervals.
1196
01:12:20.253 --> 01:12:22.960
As you can see,
there's a long period in here
1197
01:12:22.970 --> 01:12:25.920
between, say, 25 minutes
and 45 minutes or so,
1198
01:12:25.930 --> 01:12:28.150
before you get much flooding
in other places.
1199
01:12:29.554 --> 01:12:30.851
Can you stop for one second?
1200
01:12:31.264 --> 01:12:32.766
How is it getting to here?
1201
01:12:32.767 --> 01:12:35.141
Is that Scotland Road?
1202
01:12:35.142 --> 01:12:37.110
This is Scotland Road. Yeah.
1203
01:12:37.603 --> 01:12:40.856
Scotland Road is the long passageway
on the port side of E deck
1204
01:12:40.857 --> 01:12:42.780
that travels the length of the ship.
1205
01:12:43.359 --> 01:12:44.948
As Scotland Road flooded,
1206
01:12:44.949 --> 01:12:48.242
it completely undermined
the precaution of sealed compartments,
1207
01:12:48.243 --> 01:12:51.830
like an accelerant,
acting as a shortcut for the floodwater
1208
01:12:51.840 --> 01:12:53.419
over the top of the bulkheads.
1209
01:12:53.661 --> 01:12:55.208
Here we go.
1210
01:12:57.832 --> 01:13:01.962
Because the starboard side on E deck,
sort of starboard of Scotland Road,
1211
01:13:01.963 --> 01:13:06.137
is allowed to, in our model right now,
flood earlier, it floods first.
1212
01:13:08.384 --> 01:13:10.100
To see it dissected in such a way,
1213
01:13:10.110 --> 01:13:13.580
and to see how the flooding progressed
in a forensic way like that,
1214
01:13:13.590 --> 01:13:16.480
was almost like seeing Titanic sink
for the first time.
1215
01:13:17.180 --> 01:13:21.521
Another accelerant
was an open door on D deck, just one.
1216
01:13:21.522 --> 01:13:26.403
Why would someone open a large door on the
lower level of a rapidly sinking ship?
1217
01:13:26.652 --> 01:13:31.760
Second Officer Lightoller at one point
sent a boatswain by the name of Nichols
1218
01:13:31.770 --> 01:13:34.621
to grab some men and go down
and open one of the doors.
1219
01:13:34.622 --> 01:13:38.288
And I think the idea was that,
since he wasn't loading the lifeboats full,
1220
01:13:38.289 --> 01:13:40.400
that they would come back
and take people off
1221
01:13:40.410 --> 01:13:41.505
through the doorway or something.
1222
01:13:41.506 --> 01:13:42.843
And he never saw the man again.
1223
01:13:42.844 --> 01:13:47.841
And when they found the ship in 1985,
there it is. The door is open.
1224
01:13:51.427 --> 01:13:55.851
The interesting thing about the D deck
shell door on the port side is that
1225
01:13:55.852 --> 01:13:59.680
it communicates down a quarter
all the way forward.
1226
01:13:59.852 --> 01:14:04.730
If you look at it here. Here's your door.
If your water could come in here,
1227
01:14:04.740 --> 01:14:08.411
it could come down and
flood the entire forward D deck.
1228
01:14:11.906 --> 01:14:14.121
We should stop it
at the peak of that stress curve,
1229
01:14:14.122 --> 01:14:17.400
because we know it didn't go past that,
so that's your upper bound.
1230
01:14:17.662 --> 01:14:19.960
Okay, the peak of the stress curve
is the moment we're after.
1231
01:14:19.961 --> 01:14:22.460
It's just before the ship broke.
1232
01:14:22.470 --> 01:14:26.171
When we reach this point,
we'll know the final angle of the stern.
1233
01:14:35.888 --> 01:14:38.610
Yeah, it should be at 19 degrees at trim.
1234
01:14:38.620 --> 01:14:39.224
Interesting.
1235
01:14:39.225 --> 01:14:41.101
Okay, the model shows us
that the flooding caused
1236
01:14:41.102 --> 01:14:43.480
a 19-degree maximum angle of tilt.
1237
01:14:44.397 --> 01:14:48.240
There is no subsequent force
acting on the ship
1238
01:14:48.250 --> 01:14:53.405
that would tend to break it,
that exists greater than that moment
1239
01:14:53.406 --> 01:14:55.115
until it hits the bottom.
1240
01:14:55.116 --> 01:14:57.244
And we know it broke
before it hit the bottom.
1241
01:14:57.245 --> 01:15:00.578
That might be our maximum tilt.
1242
01:15:00.579 --> 01:15:01.580
Yeah.
1243
01:15:02.748 --> 01:15:03.957
Not as much as we thought.
1244
01:15:03.958 --> 01:15:05.754
Ken, you're going to have to
repaint your paintings, buddy.
1245
01:15:05.755 --> 01:15:08.275
- I'm going to have to re-shoot my movie.
- Which one's easier'?
1246
01:15:09.500 --> 01:15:11.599
Painting. I'll help you
paint the paintings.
1247
01:15:17.680 --> 01:15:20.727
I think this is pretty amazing.
I mean, this is completely new to me,
1248
01:15:20.728 --> 01:15:23.820
that in the two-and-a-half hours
it took Titanic to sink,
1249
01:15:23.821 --> 01:15:25.438
she never capsized.
1250
01:15:25.730 --> 01:15:28.984
We never really thought about that.
It was staring us in the face.
1251
01:15:28.985 --> 01:15:30.191
Ships capsize.
1252
01:15:30.192 --> 01:15:32.488
We saw it recently
with the Costa Concordia
1253
01:15:32.489 --> 01:15:34.112
that sank off the coast of Italy.
1254
01:15:34.113 --> 01:15:35.697
And when you look back
1255
01:15:35.698 --> 01:15:38.326
at the history of
all the other famous shipwrecks,
1256
01:15:38.327 --> 01:15:39.497
they all roll over.
1257
01:15:40.286 --> 01:15:43.335
Bismarck rolled over,
Andrea Doria rolled over.
1258
01:15:44.123 --> 01:15:46.870
But Titanic just went almost straight down.
1259
01:15:46.880 --> 01:15:47.630
Yeah, toward the end it had, maybe,
1260
01:15:47.631 --> 01:15:51.129
a variously reported six,
maybe eight-degree list.
1261
01:15:51.130 --> 01:15:52.131
That's not much.
1262
01:15:52.590 --> 01:15:54.466
That creates a whole new question.
1263
01:15:54.467 --> 01:15:55.637
Were they trimming the ship?
1264
01:15:55.638 --> 01:15:58.990
Were the engineers,
none of whom survived,
1265
01:15:58.100 --> 01:15:59.809
actually trimming the ship actively?
1266
01:15:59.810 --> 01:16:03.728
Were they fighting that?
Were they that good with their pumps
1267
01:16:03.729 --> 01:16:08.275
by filling the trim tanks and seeing
the ship was listing one direction,
1268
01:16:08.276 --> 01:16:13.153
controlling it and trying to keep it
upright so they could get those boats off?
1269
01:16:13.154 --> 01:16:14.369
Or did they just get lucky?
1270
01:16:14.779 --> 01:16:17.657
Was it the most amazing piece of luck
in maritime history
1271
01:16:17.658 --> 01:16:20.408
that they managed to
successfully evacuate
1272
01:16:20.409 --> 01:16:25.163
700-some people in the boats
while the ship just sat
1273
01:16:25.164 --> 01:16:26.835
perfectly upright in the water?
1274
01:16:26.836 --> 01:16:28.252
I've never thought of that before.
1275
01:16:28.253 --> 01:16:31.466
Well, there are some questions
we're just going to have to live with.
1276
01:16:31.467 --> 01:16:35.920
But before I send these guys home,
there's a game I like to play.
1277
01:16:36.800 --> 01:16:39.387
What would you have done
if you were captain of Titanic?
1278
01:16:39.720 --> 01:16:41.768
Could more lives have been saved?
1279
01:16:49.146 --> 01:16:53.196
Titanic set sail
with more than 2,200 souls on board,
1280
01:16:54.260 --> 01:16:56.950
but just over 700
would survive the disaster.
1281
01:16:57.822 --> 01:16:59.199
Some went down with the ship.
1282
01:17:00.320 --> 01:17:03.957
Most froze to death floating
in the frigid waters of the North Atlantic
1283
01:17:03.958 --> 01:17:05.995
waiting for a rescue ship.
1284
01:17:05.996 --> 01:17:07.122
Right ahead, sir.
1285
01:17:09.542 --> 01:17:10.712
Careful with your oars.
1286
01:17:10.713 --> 01:17:12.480
Even with only enough lifeboats
1287
01:17:12.490 --> 01:17:15.100
for 50% of the passengers
and crew on board,
1288
01:17:15.110 --> 01:17:17.633
could the crisis have been managed
more effectively?
1289
01:17:19.885 --> 01:17:21.432
Can anyone hear me?
1290
01:17:22.596 --> 01:17:25.937
Let me pose a problem
based on everything you guys know.
1291
01:17:25.938 --> 01:17:30.404
Let's say I've got a time machine
and I can teleport you back to Titanic
1292
01:17:30.405 --> 01:17:34.149
one second after the ship
has already hit the iceberg.
1293
01:17:34.150 --> 01:17:36.744
You can do anything,
but you've already hit the iceberg.
1294
01:17:37.194 --> 01:17:39.330
So it's really an exercise in,
1295
01:17:39.340 --> 01:17:41.748
could the crisis have been
managed differently
1296
01:17:41.749 --> 01:17:43.658
if they knew what we knew?
1297
01:17:43.659 --> 01:17:45.377
How would you have saved everybody?
1298
01:17:45.828 --> 01:17:48.707
And it's not meant
as an indictment of the choices
1299
01:17:48.708 --> 01:17:51.209
that were made by the captain
and the officers.
1300
01:17:51.210 --> 01:17:55.600
I think they were managing the problem
about as well as humanly possible
1301
01:17:55.700 --> 01:17:56.299
under the circumstances.
1302
01:17:56.300 --> 01:17:58.675
But with what we know now,
could we have done any better?
1303
01:17:58.676 --> 01:18:01.139
Like, how would you
have saved everybody?
1304
01:18:01.140 --> 01:18:04.981
Save everybody, I think it was not
possible. You can save much more.
1305
01:18:05.556 --> 01:18:08.435
We can shift the number, that's for sure.
1306
01:18:12.210 --> 01:18:13.860
I think you could save everybody.
1307
01:18:13.861 --> 01:18:16.325
I think you could save everybody
and their dog.
1308
01:18:17.526 --> 01:18:18.693
Really?
1309
01:18:18.694 --> 01:18:19.946
I think there's a couple of ways to do it.
1310
01:18:19.947 --> 01:18:22.160
There's two ways to do it
that I can think of.
1311
01:18:22.161 --> 01:18:25.660
There is a ship.
There is a ship six to eight miles away.
1312
01:18:25.661 --> 01:18:27.624
- One.
- Well observed by everybody.
1313
01:18:27.625 --> 01:18:29.793
All right? It's there. You can see it.
1314
01:18:30.122 --> 01:18:33.213
It's thought to have been
the British steam ship Californian,
1315
01:18:33.214 --> 01:18:37.900
within radio contact of the Titanic
right before the accident.
1316
01:18:37.296 --> 01:18:40.550
One of the officers told people
when they were getting in the boat
1317
01:18:40.551 --> 01:18:41.846
to go row to that ship.
1318
01:18:41.847 --> 01:18:42.967
Captain Smith.
1319
01:18:42.968 --> 01:18:45.808
Captain Smith, he was telling people
to row to the ship.
1320
01:18:45.809 --> 01:18:47.990
Why row to the ship?
1321
01:18:47.100 --> 01:18:48.973
Why not drive your ship to that ship?
1322
01:18:48.974 --> 01:18:51.809
Six miles with a boat like that?
1323
01:18:51.810 --> 01:18:54.630
No, no, no. Not that boat. That ship.
1324
01:18:55.314 --> 01:18:57.649
Drive your ship to the other ship.
1325
01:18:57.650 --> 01:18:59.484
And I would say even drive it backwards.
1326
01:18:59.485 --> 01:19:01.565
You don't want to go too fast,
'cause you're damaged.
1327
01:19:03.405 --> 01:19:05.999
You've only got to go six miles.
It's not very far.
1328
01:19:06.000 --> 01:19:10.588
No, but it could be an hour,
or something like that.
1329
01:19:10.996 --> 01:19:14.341
Drive it backwards,
it's going to tend to plane up slightly
1330
01:19:14.342 --> 01:19:17.252
and not add to the flooding.
1331
01:19:17.253 --> 01:19:19.379
You'd actually relieve the pressure
and slow the flooding.
1332
01:19:19.380 --> 01:19:20.802
You think it's just pure head pressure?
1333
01:19:20.803 --> 01:19:22.175
We respectfully disagree.
1334
01:19:22.176 --> 01:19:25.847
It's a big ship and
the holes are far underwater and it just...
1335
01:19:25.848 --> 01:19:29.389
I think Jeff and I made the point in there.
We disagree with that one.
1336
01:19:29.390 --> 01:19:31.857
You're going to evacuate some of them.
Some are going to go in the water
1337
01:19:31.858 --> 01:19:33.977
and some are going to have to
get picked up by the other ship.
1338
01:19:33.978 --> 01:19:36.481
So that's your biggest problem,
is the transfer.
1339
01:19:36.482 --> 01:19:39.983
Driving a ship backwards,
I was not in favor,
1340
01:19:39.984 --> 01:19:42.360
but I had no objective reasons.
1341
01:19:42.361 --> 01:19:44.784
It just seemed like
the wrong thing to do to me.
1342
01:19:45.364 --> 01:19:48.740
My first favorite idea is to
put everybody on the iceberg
1343
01:19:48.750 --> 01:19:49.760
'cause it's not sinking.
1344
01:19:49.785 --> 01:19:52.203
Take a fur coat, sit on the iceberg.
1345
01:19:52.204 --> 01:19:53.705
If you have access to the iceberg.
1346
01:19:53.706 --> 01:19:55.959
Why don't you have access to it?
You just ran into it.
1347
01:19:55.960 --> 01:19:57.458
You left it behind.
1348
01:19:57.459 --> 01:20:00.131
A couple hundred meters away.
It's sitting right there.
1349
01:20:00.132 --> 01:20:04.305
If you have trouble convincing people
to get into a lifeboat...
1350
01:20:06.385 --> 01:20:09.601
They didn't have any trouble
when they got up to boat 13 and 15.
1351
01:20:09.602 --> 01:20:11.180
- That was later.
- Yeah.
1352
01:20:11.190 --> 01:20:12.980
That was later.
1353
01:20:12.990 --> 01:20:14.898
How are you going to put 2,000 people
on an iceberg that
1354
01:20:14.899 --> 01:20:17.854
you know is pretty irregular?
1355
01:20:17.855 --> 01:20:19.947
And how in the hell are
you going to get them on top?
1356
01:20:19.948 --> 01:20:22.238
- What I would do is...
- I think I'd be taking a chance on that.
1357
01:20:22.239 --> 01:20:24.324
- Here's the option.
- It's either that,
1358
01:20:24.325 --> 01:20:26.867
or cling to the stern, which is going down.
1359
01:20:26.868 --> 01:20:28.770
No, no. Option two.
1360
01:20:28.780 --> 01:20:30.825
They had received reports for days
that there was field ice,
1361
01:20:30.826 --> 01:20:33.705
and they knew
they were within five miles of it.
1362
01:20:33.706 --> 01:20:35.375
- Field ice. Pack ice.
- Right.
1363
01:20:35.376 --> 01:20:39.890
Now that you can easily walk right onto
from any shell door.
1364
01:20:39.900 --> 01:20:41.428
Sure. Just drive the ship right into it.
1365
01:20:41.429 --> 01:20:46.170
I would've headed northwest
until I hit the pack ice.
1366
01:20:46.842 --> 01:20:48.431
Much easier than climbing.
1367
01:20:48.432 --> 01:20:50.348
- But then you have to sail.
- Yes, yes.
1368
01:20:50.349 --> 01:20:51.685
Why you don't sail to the ship?
1369
01:20:51.686 --> 01:20:53.644
To the ship?
Because of the transfer problem.
1370
01:20:53.645 --> 01:20:55.480
I would prefer to be on the ship than...
1371
01:20:55.481 --> 01:20:58.700
What if the ship turns out to be
a 50-foot fishing sloop?
1372
01:20:58.710 --> 01:21:01.441
How do you get 3,000 people
on a 50-foot ship.
1373
01:21:02.232 --> 01:21:06.199
I don't think we came up
with any super brilliant ways to solve it.
1374
01:21:06.200 --> 01:21:08.340
There were a couple
that might have worked,
1375
01:21:08.350 --> 01:21:10.203
if you were incredibly ballsy
and just went for them.
1376
01:21:10.449 --> 01:21:13.623
You could've spent your time
fashioning rafts.
1377
01:21:14.161 --> 01:21:16.876
Oh, that's another...
That could be a possibility
1378
01:21:16.877 --> 01:21:18.793
with all the chairs and stuff like that.
1379
01:21:18.794 --> 01:21:20.962
But the people,
they will be already in the water.
1380
01:21:20.963 --> 01:21:23.461
You could go tear the woodwork
off the first-class lounge
1381
01:21:23.462 --> 01:21:26.259
- and throw more of that into the water.
- One guy took a bunch of deck chairs
1382
01:21:26.260 --> 01:21:27.803
and he made a raft out of it and survived.
1383
01:21:27.804 --> 01:21:29.926
Yeah, but you can put
more and more on them...
1384
01:21:29.927 --> 01:21:31.645
No, but that's
one guy on his own initiative.
1385
01:21:31.646 --> 01:21:33.638
If you had the crew concentrated
1386
01:21:33.639 --> 01:21:38.726
on fashioning rafts from the
carpenters' stores, I think that...
1387
01:21:38.727 --> 01:21:42.720
I don't see that happening.
You might've saved another 50 people.
1388
01:21:42.730 --> 01:21:44.982
Some people have come up with the idea of
1389
01:21:44.983 --> 01:21:47.530
gathering together
a whole bunch of mattresses
1390
01:21:47.531 --> 01:21:51.908
and lowering them over by ropes
over the side, and they suck against the...
1391
01:21:51.909 --> 01:21:55.248
'Cause they knew from the inside
where the leaks were.
1392
01:21:55.249 --> 01:21:59.920
Ken had an interesting idea of putting
mattresses down the side of the ship
1393
01:21:59.921 --> 01:22:06.594
and trying to block the inrush of water
into Boiler Room 5 and Boiler Room 6.
1394
01:22:07.297 --> 01:22:10.216
And I think, as we argued it,
1395
01:22:10.217 --> 01:22:13.139
there was some possibility that,
that might've worked.
1396
01:22:13.140 --> 01:22:15.727
So our model indicates that if you just
1397
01:22:15.728 --> 01:22:18.521
lower the permeability in the holds
and forward spaces enough,
1398
01:22:19.170 --> 01:22:21.858
that you would reach equilibrium
and you would never go down,
1399
01:22:21.859 --> 01:22:24.319
or it would take
hours and hours and hours and hours.
1400
01:22:24.320 --> 01:22:27.737
- So how do you...
- So take all the life-jackets on board,
1401
01:22:27.738 --> 01:22:28.823
just all of them,
1402
01:22:28.824 --> 01:22:30.865
and shove them down
in those four compartments.
1403
01:22:30.866 --> 01:22:32.784
You would lower the permeabilities
really low.
1404
01:22:32.785 --> 01:22:34.909
- That's pretty scary.
- Like a ping-pong ball?
1405
01:22:34.910 --> 01:22:36.497
- Yeah.
- That's pretty scary.
1406
01:22:36.498 --> 01:22:40.370
But all you got to do is
reduce 20% of that total volume.
1407
01:22:40.380 --> 01:22:42.382
- I mean, that's a lot of volume, but...
- How do you get them in?
1408
01:22:42.383 --> 01:22:44.797
Because you try to push them down,
they keep popping up.
1409
01:22:44.798 --> 01:22:47.837
You put them in before the flooding.
1410
01:22:47.838 --> 01:22:50.900
- I like that.
- That is really cinematic.
1411
01:22:50.100 --> 01:22:53.430
The risk of taking the life-jackets
off of all the passengers,
1412
01:22:53.431 --> 01:22:55.517
saying, "We're going to do this instead."
1413
01:22:55.518 --> 01:22:58.890
Well, they can live, or they can die
in the water wearing life-jackets.
1414
01:22:58.891 --> 01:22:59.932
Yeah.
1415
01:22:59.933 --> 01:23:03.563
Now take away every life-jacket from
every man, woman, and child on the ship,
1416
01:23:03.564 --> 01:23:05.656
and put them all into one room.
1417
01:23:06.690 --> 01:23:11.116
That might be piling your chips
on one long shot.
1418
01:23:12.404 --> 01:23:14.782
Now based on
what we've learned in this room,
1419
01:23:14.783 --> 01:23:17.578
what did we get wrong
in depicting the tragedy
1420
01:23:17.579 --> 01:23:18.793
in the feature film?
1421
01:23:24.750 --> 01:23:28.345
All right boys. Like the Captain said,
nice and cheery, so there's no panic.
1422
01:23:29.588 --> 01:23:31.900
"Wedding Dance."
1423
01:23:33.634 --> 01:23:36.262
We never really took much of a beating
for what we showed in the movie.
1424
01:23:36.263 --> 01:23:39.352
There were people
that disagreed with certain aspects of it
1425
01:23:39.353 --> 01:23:42.818
because they had their own
preconceptions of what it was like.
1426
01:23:44.269 --> 01:23:45.771
Stop!
1427
01:23:47.105 --> 01:23:48.231
Hold the left side!
1428
01:23:48.232 --> 01:23:52.328
It was generally, broadly
well-accepted in the Titanic community.
1429
01:23:52.653 --> 01:23:55.827
I think it's really more that
we're just hard on ourselves.
1430
01:23:56.323 --> 01:23:59.998
Based on what we know now,
what did we screw up in the movie?
1431
01:24:00.619 --> 01:24:03.293
We didn't screw it up. We were basing it
on what we knew at the time.
1432
01:24:03.294 --> 01:24:04.330
Exactly.
1433
01:24:04.331 --> 01:24:08.379
So, I think, of course, Ken could
give us a list about 100 things long.
1434
01:24:08.380 --> 01:24:10.592
Are we just really nitpicking
over physical things
1435
01:24:10.593 --> 01:24:12.713
that we would do different
with your sinking?
1436
01:24:12.714 --> 01:24:15.216
What you would consider nitpicking
and what I would consider nitpicking
1437
01:24:15.217 --> 01:24:16.300
are two different things.
1438
01:24:16.301 --> 01:24:19.980
- Your broad strokes are my nitpicks.
- No, I'm talking about the sinking.
1439
01:24:19.990 --> 01:24:20.723
- The way you depicted the sinking.
- Yeah.
1440
01:24:20.724 --> 01:24:24.270
- There is a mistake. There was a...
- The broad strokes are very accurate.
1441
01:24:24.271 --> 01:24:27.234
At one point during the sinking,
there was a clear list where
1442
01:24:27.235 --> 01:24:31.826
lifeboats were really scraping the side
and they were trying to push with oars
1443
01:24:31.827 --> 01:24:33.985
to even lower the boats,
1444
01:24:33.986 --> 01:24:35.907
and that isn't depicted in the movie.
1445
01:24:35.908 --> 01:24:39.534
So that's something that could be changed,
if it were ever to be done.
1446
01:24:39.535 --> 01:24:46.414
The next time I build a 1.5 million pound
set and lower it four stories into a tank,
1447
01:24:46.415 --> 01:24:48.338
I'll make sure I get that list on there.
1448
01:24:50.544 --> 01:24:54.797
Boat 11, which is caught
with the condenser discharge,
1449
01:24:54.798 --> 01:24:59.552
is trying to row away while
13 is coming down almost on top of it,
1450
01:24:59.553 --> 01:25:00.928
right behind that.
1451
01:25:00.929 --> 01:25:03.773
And just about the time
that 13 hits the water,
1452
01:25:03.774 --> 01:25:06.601
15 will be coming down on top of that.
1453
01:25:06.602 --> 01:25:10.771
And the wash from that discharge
washes 13 aft,
1454
01:25:10.772 --> 01:25:12.690
right underneath 15
1455
01:25:12.691 --> 01:25:15.490
to the place where the passengers
can reach up and touch the bottom
1456
01:25:15.491 --> 01:25:17.278
of that 15 coming down.
1457
01:25:17.279 --> 01:25:19.748
And they were panicked.
They didn't know if they could hear them.
1458
01:25:19.749 --> 01:25:23.494
But, fortunately, they were able to
release the falls on 13 just in time
1459
01:25:23.495 --> 01:25:24.582
to row out of the way.
1460
01:25:24.583 --> 01:25:28.420
And then 15 came down right
where 13 had been just moments before.
1461
01:25:28.421 --> 01:25:29.712
Can you hear me, Jim?
1462
01:25:29.958 --> 01:25:32.630
They should be able to stand up
and touch the bottom,
1463
01:25:32.631 --> 01:25:35.510
and it shouldn't be
really much lower than that.
1464
01:25:36.214 --> 01:25:39.218
Thanks for your opinion.
Now I'm going to make it exciting.
1465
01:25:39.219 --> 01:25:42.808
What I told various interviewers
during the marketing of the film was,
1466
01:25:42.809 --> 01:25:46.270
"I want this movie to be
like you went back in a time machine
1467
01:25:46.271 --> 01:25:48.267
"and you actually were
there for the sinking.
1468
01:25:48.268 --> 01:25:49.894
"That's how accurate I want it to be."
1469
01:25:49.895 --> 01:25:52.114
Now that didn't prove to be possible.
1470
01:25:52.397 --> 01:25:55.401
What about the colors of the rockets?
1471
01:26:03.408 --> 01:26:05.785
We talked about that at the time
and there was...
1472
01:26:05.786 --> 01:26:07.286
The consensus was they were white.
1473
01:26:07.287 --> 01:26:08.459
Well, no. It wasn't the consensus.
1474
01:26:08.460 --> 01:26:10.706
It was because
nobody would've believed you
1475
01:26:10.707 --> 01:26:13.840
if you'd had them burst into colored balls.
That's my memory.
1476
01:26:13.850 --> 01:26:14.210
Do you think they were colored?
1477
01:26:14.211 --> 01:26:16.758
'Cause you asked me about...
We know they were now.
1478
01:26:16.759 --> 01:26:18.839
- They were white.
- We had enough...
1479
01:26:18.840 --> 01:26:20.260
- He says they weren't white.
- They went up white,
1480
01:26:20.261 --> 01:26:22.181
- and they burst into colored balls.
- Yeah, they were white.
1481
01:26:22.182 --> 01:26:23.260
- All of them.
- No.
1482
01:26:23.261 --> 01:26:24.478
They went up white
and burst into colored balls.
1483
01:26:24.479 --> 01:26:25.554
Yup.
1484
01:26:25.555 --> 01:26:26.852
Well, no, it wasn't the consensus,
1485
01:26:26.853 --> 01:26:29.517
it was because
nobody would've believed you.
1486
01:26:29.518 --> 01:26:32.488
The only people who said they burst out
into white balls were the officers.
1487
01:26:32.489 --> 01:26:34.402
Can we put Parks' monitor up, please?
1488
01:26:34.940 --> 01:26:37.944
'Cause this is something
we did not know then that I now know.
1489
01:26:38.485 --> 01:26:41.659
- 2004, we found a box of rocket detonators.
- Right.
1490
01:26:41.660 --> 01:26:45.324
And the interesting thing about this is,
1491
01:26:45.325 --> 01:26:49.704
there was a hole
behind the brass cone of the detonator
1492
01:26:49.705 --> 01:26:51.544
that was cut out to let you see
1493
01:26:51.545 --> 01:26:55.795
the color of the balls that would
come out of this white burst.
1494
01:26:55.796 --> 01:27:00.846
This is definitely bluer and greener,
and this is definitely warmer, redder.
1495
01:27:01.466 --> 01:27:02.800
Obviously white.
1496
01:27:02.801 --> 01:27:04.427
What a discovery.
1497
01:27:04.428 --> 01:27:05.928
That's pretty cool.
1498
01:27:05.929 --> 01:27:07.772
I wish we'd had that
when we were making the movie.
1499
01:27:07.773 --> 01:27:09.353
We would've made it look right.
1500
01:27:09.354 --> 01:27:13.229
And so, apparently they were sending up
rockets that did burst into colored balls,
1501
01:27:13.230 --> 01:27:14.478
the way people remembered.
1502
01:27:14.479 --> 01:27:16.260
He's got to go back and change everything
1503
01:27:16.270 --> 01:27:17.611
he's ever written about the rockets,
1504
01:27:17.612 --> 01:27:20.531
Ken's got to go back and
redo every painting he's ever done,
1505
01:27:20.532 --> 01:27:23.863
and Pd have to go back and redo the movie
1506
01:27:23.864 --> 01:27:26.743
and change the colors of
some of the rockets at least.
1507
01:27:26.744 --> 01:27:30.830
Of course what we all cling to is,
at least some of them were white.
1508
01:27:30.840 --> 01:27:34.100
Well, how about the fact that
all of your paintings and the movie
1509
01:27:34.200 --> 01:27:36.671
show the elevation of the stern
significantly higher than
1510
01:27:36.672 --> 01:27:39.171
what we now know from this simulation.
1511
01:27:39.504 --> 01:27:41.347
We now know
the angle of the ship's too high.
1512
01:27:41.348 --> 01:27:43.137
It's dramatic. You know, it looks cool.
1513
01:27:46.595 --> 01:27:50.224
So it's not like there was this equipoise,
this moment of it just sitting there.
1514
01:27:50.225 --> 01:27:54.854
Even though we protracted it in the film,
and that's the romanticized image of it.
1515
01:27:54.855 --> 01:27:59.565
In fact, it would've just accelerated
through that angle
1516
01:27:59.566 --> 01:28:01.340
until it finally did that.
1517
01:28:01.193 --> 01:28:04.528
It's not vastly different
than what we've showed,
1518
01:28:04.529 --> 01:28:06.368
just a little less dramatic.
1519
01:28:06.369 --> 01:28:10.456
And I think that we're constantly trying to
take into consideration
1520
01:28:10.457 --> 01:28:13.831
what eyewitnesses saw
and how dramatic it was to them,
1521
01:28:13.832 --> 01:28:16.207
how it felt to them, and how they might've
1522
01:28:16.208 --> 01:28:19.480
slightly exaggerated things later,
in the telling of the story,
1523
01:28:19.490 --> 01:28:20.887
as almost everyone would do.
1524
01:28:22.881 --> 01:28:25.179
Bloody pull faster! And pull!
1525
01:28:26.551 --> 01:28:28.390
But we weren't wrong in broad strokes.
1526
01:28:28.391 --> 01:28:30.730
The ship broke at the surface.
We know that.
1527
01:28:39.773 --> 01:28:42.117
The bow plunged vertically. We know that.
1528
01:28:43.401 --> 01:28:45.574
The stern hung around for a while.
We know that.
1529
01:28:48.990 --> 01:28:51.951
So the movie was true in its broad strokes.
1530
01:28:51.952 --> 01:28:57.581
So I didn't feel after the film
that I had a lot to defend.
1531
01:28:57.582 --> 01:29:00.850
I felt like we had done good work
at the time.
1532
01:29:00.669 --> 01:29:01.882
But it was limited.
1533
01:29:01.883 --> 01:29:04.713
There was still so much more
that the wreck site could teach us,
1534
01:29:04.714 --> 01:29:06.512
which is why I personally
went back out there
1535
01:29:06.513 --> 01:29:09.261
on two successive expeditions.
1536
01:29:10.428 --> 01:29:12.668
My decision has been to
not change anything in the movie.
1537
01:29:13.974 --> 01:29:16.944
Because once you start that process,
where do you stop?
1538
01:29:18.270 --> 01:29:21.442
And the things that are wrong
are things that would only bother
1539
01:29:21.443 --> 01:29:22.941
eight people in the world.
1540
01:29:23.441 --> 01:29:26.365
Myself being one of them,
but I can live with it.
1541
01:29:27.279 --> 01:29:29.122
Even though I'm not going to
change the movie,
1542
01:29:29.123 --> 01:29:31.913
I do get to redo
the animation of the sinking.
1543
01:29:32.450 --> 01:29:33.826
It's going to be very cool.
1544
01:29:33.827 --> 01:29:37.582
The most accurate depiction ever
of what happened that night,
1545
01:29:37.583 --> 01:29:39.208
100 years ago.
1546
01:29:42.627 --> 01:29:43.799
We've beat it up.
1547
01:29:44.921 --> 01:29:46.173
We've disagreed.
1548
01:29:48.884 --> 01:29:51.137
But we've found a lot of consensus.
1549
01:29:51.469 --> 01:29:54.313
We've advanced our knowledge
of Titanic's final moments,
1550
01:29:54.806 --> 01:29:58.397
and have plugged what we've learned
into an updated visual record.
1551
01:29:58.398 --> 01:30:01.112
The final word on the
disaster in animation.
1552
01:30:03.440 --> 01:30:05.613
So this is the last thing l...
1553
01:30:06.860 --> 01:30:08.770
As Quicktime, as you had...
1554
01:30:08.780 --> 01:30:12.823
Now did you notice that,
in Stettler's paper, he said that
1555
01:30:12.824 --> 01:30:16.327
the final trim angle before the break
was 23 degrees, not 19?
1556
01:30:16.328 --> 01:30:17.494
Yes.
1557
01:30:17.495 --> 01:30:21.341
Since the conclusion of our investigation,
Commander Stettler revised his results
1558
01:30:21.342 --> 01:30:24.627
and published 23 degrees
maximum angle of tilt.
1559
01:30:24.628 --> 01:30:29.179
You know, if our two-and-a-half year
engineering study shows 23 degrees,
1560
01:30:29.180 --> 01:30:31.258
we should show 23 degrees.
1561
01:30:31.259 --> 01:30:32.468
Okay, there.
1562
01:30:32.469 --> 01:30:34.845
That's the number that
he settled on, right?
1563
01:30:34.846 --> 01:30:36.847
It's two degrees off right now.
That's an easy fix.
1564
01:30:36.848 --> 01:30:39.692
You know, we've been arguing
over the number of degrees
1565
01:30:39.693 --> 01:30:41.602
for about 15 years now.
1566
01:30:41.603 --> 01:30:42.900
Let's make it 23 degrees.
1567
01:30:42.901 --> 01:30:45.356
Oh, absolutely. I'm happy to do it.
1568
01:30:45.357 --> 01:30:46.859
All right. Let's put this to bed.
1569
01:30:46.860 --> 01:30:47.860
There we go.
1570
01:30:49.486 --> 01:30:53.616
All right. That looks good.
The ship's veering to port at 22 knots.
1571
01:30:54.324 --> 01:30:56.200
Sideswipes the iceberg.
1572
01:30:56.201 --> 01:31:00.293
Murdoch ports around the iceberg,
trying to keep from hitting the propellers.
1573
01:31:00.294 --> 01:31:01.505
That looks pretty good.
1574
01:31:03.667 --> 01:31:06.464
Okay, so now we're watching
in accelerated time.
1575
01:31:06.465 --> 01:31:10.637
We see the first five compartments flood.
They equalize pretty quickly.
1576
01:31:10.638 --> 01:31:11.975
Bow is pulled down.
1577
01:31:15.637 --> 01:31:17.179
We see the port list.
1578
01:31:17.180 --> 01:31:19.682
Port list looks right.
That looks like about nine degrees.
1579
01:31:19.683 --> 01:31:24.290
Oh, you can really see the effect
of that list on the flooding.
1580
01:31:32.700 --> 01:31:34.949
So, yeah, superstructure
starts to get pulled under.
1581
01:31:42.580 --> 01:31:44.253
Funnels collapse at their base.
1582
01:31:46.918 --> 01:31:50.548
Now the bow is accelerating downward.
That looks good.
1583
01:31:50.549 --> 01:31:52.843
We're starting to see the stern come up.
1584
01:31:52.844 --> 01:31:55.811
We got our maximum peak stress,
and yeah, boom!
1585
01:31:55.812 --> 01:31:56.969
It breaks.
1586
01:31:56.970 --> 01:31:59.519
Okay, bow swinging down...
That looks good.
1587
01:31:59.973 --> 01:32:01.691
The double keel hang on,
1588
01:32:02.726 --> 01:32:04.143
then they separate.
1589
01:32:04.144 --> 01:32:06.103
Bow plunges straight down.
1590
01:32:06.104 --> 01:32:08.194
All right, we got mast snapping back,
1591
01:32:08.195 --> 01:32:11.443
the funnels are ripping backwards,
pulling off all the davits.
1592
01:32:13.280 --> 01:32:15.156
Bow is going down like a torpedo.
1593
01:32:15.157 --> 01:32:18.703
Here's the angle when it falls through
into a stable position.
1594
01:32:18.704 --> 01:32:19.826
Let's see the stern.
1595
01:32:21.619 --> 01:32:24.288
Keeling way over to port. That looks right.
1596
01:32:24.289 --> 01:32:25.630
And she goes... Yup, that is right.
1597
01:32:25.631 --> 01:32:28.217
She goes almost vertical
just when she goes under, and then, boom!
1598
01:32:28.218 --> 01:32:29.256
Implodes.
1599
01:32:29.878 --> 01:32:32.882
Now she accelerates,
and all the stuff starts to rip off.
1600
01:32:33.465 --> 01:32:36.137
See the shell plating going.
There goes the double bottom.
1601
01:32:36.138 --> 01:32:38.110
Double bottom frisbeeing off.
1602
01:32:38.970 --> 01:32:40.768
And the Stern's falling through.
1603
01:32:41.848 --> 01:32:44.943
So now the stern's falling aft-end down.
1604
01:32:45.977 --> 01:32:48.150
And we see the spiraling.
1605
01:32:50.650 --> 01:32:51.153
Here comes the bow.
1606
01:32:51.154 --> 01:32:54.494
Bow is falling in its stable position,
and it hits...
1607
01:32:54.495 --> 01:32:55.527
Yeah, boom!
1608
01:32:55.528 --> 01:32:56.904
It kind of breaks its back.
1609
01:32:56.905 --> 01:32:59.658
And we see the hydraulic outburst
and the down blast effect.
1610
01:32:59.659 --> 01:33:00.954
Let's see the stern.
1611
01:33:02.494 --> 01:33:06.670
Oh, you see the shell plating blowing off,
decks, everything kind of settling around it.
1612
01:33:08.166 --> 01:33:10.168
Looks like a big airplane crash site.
1613
01:33:13.421 --> 01:33:15.139
That's exactly what we're looking for.
1614
01:33:19.511 --> 01:33:20.512
And action!
1615
01:33:21.179 --> 01:33:23.728
I've been working on Titanic
for nearly 20 years.
1616
01:33:26.226 --> 01:33:29.776
I've planned this investigation
to be my final word.
1617
01:33:30.605 --> 01:33:34.735
It's time for me to pass the baton
and move on to some new challenges,
1618
01:33:36.270 --> 01:33:38.654
but I'll never stop thinking about Titanic.
1619
01:33:38.655 --> 01:33:43.350
For me, it's so much more than
simply an exercise in forensic archeology.
1620
01:33:48.915 --> 01:33:54.440
Part of the Thank; parable is of arrogance,
of hubris,
1621
01:33:54.450 --> 01:33:57.174
of the sense that we're too big to fail.
1622
01:33:58.716 --> 01:34:00.356
Well, where have
we heard that one before?
1623
01:34:04.889 --> 01:34:06.974
There was this big machine,
1624
01:34:06.975 --> 01:34:10.817
this human system that was
pushing forward with so much momentum
1625
01:34:10.818 --> 01:34:14.439
that it couldn't turn, it couldn't
stop in time to avert a disaster.
1626
01:34:14.440 --> 01:34:15.800
And that's what we have right now.
1627
01:34:20.710 --> 01:34:22.950
Within that human system
on board that ship,
1628
01:34:22.951 --> 01:34:25.452
if you want to make it
a microcosm for the world,
1629
01:34:25.453 --> 01:34:27.578
you have different classes.
1630
01:34:27.579 --> 01:34:30.126
You've got first class, second class,
third class.
1631
01:34:30.127 --> 01:34:31.837
Well, in our world right now,
1632
01:34:31.838 --> 01:34:34.382
you've got developed nations
and undeveloped nations.
1633
01:34:34.383 --> 01:34:36.795
You've got the starving millions
1634
01:34:36.796 --> 01:34:40.382
who are going to be the ones most affected
by the next iceberg that we hit,
1635
01:34:40.383 --> 01:34:41.823
which is going to be climate change.
1636
01:34:42.343 --> 01:34:44.437
We can see that iceberg
ahead of us right now,
1637
01:34:44.438 --> 01:34:45.762
but we can't turn.
1638
01:34:45.763 --> 01:34:48.607
We can't turn
because of the momentum of the system.
1639
01:34:48.608 --> 01:34:51.226
Political momentum, business momentum.
1640
01:34:51.227 --> 01:34:53.776
There are too many people
making money out of the system
1641
01:34:53.777 --> 01:34:56.231
the way the system works right now.
1642
01:34:56.232 --> 01:34:59.780
And those people, frankly,
have their hands on the levers of power
1643
01:34:59.781 --> 01:35:01.279
and aren't ready to let them go.
1644
01:35:01.696 --> 01:35:04.618
Until they do, we're not going to be
able to turn and miss that iceberg,
1645
01:35:04.619 --> 01:35:06.118
and we're going to hit it.
1646
01:35:06.119 --> 01:35:07.576
When we hit it,
1647
01:35:07.577 --> 01:35:10.292
the rich are still going to be
able to get their access
1648
01:35:10.293 --> 01:35:12.378
to food, to arable land,
to water, and so on.
1649
01:35:12.379 --> 01:35:13.457
It's going to be the poor,
1650
01:35:13.458 --> 01:35:15.381
it's going to be the steerage
that are going to be impacted.
1651
01:35:15.382 --> 01:35:16.878
And it was the same with Titanic.
1652
01:35:18.379 --> 01:35:22.384
And I think that's why this story
will always fascinate people,
1653
01:35:22.385 --> 01:35:28.805
because it is a perfect, little encapsulation
of the world and all social spectra.
1654
01:35:28.806 --> 01:35:33.602
But until our lives are really put at risk,
the moment of truth,
1655
01:35:33.603 --> 01:35:36.106
we don't know what we would do.
1656
01:35:37.315 --> 01:35:38.783
And that's my final word.