1 00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:20,000 2 00:02:06,835 --> 00:02:09,838 We are here in the Vanuatu Islands, 3 00:02:09,921 --> 00:02:13,425 a group of volcanic islands in the Pacific, 4 00:02:13,508 --> 00:02:17,763 about 1,000 miles east from northern Australia. 5 00:02:19,765 --> 00:02:23,977 Below, Endu village on Ambrym island. 6 00:02:25,062 --> 00:02:29,441 A year ago, most were destroyed by tropical storms phenomenal strength 7 00:02:29,524 --> 00:02:31,360 But the village must also survive for periodic impacts 8 00:02:32,194 --> 00:02:36,114 volcanic eruptions. 9 00:02:36,198 --> 00:02:38,617 Interspersed by havoc, 10 00:02:38,700 --> 00:02:41,536 Time doesn't seem to find a handle in the community. 11 00:02:41,620 --> 00:02:45,749 We met Head Mael Moses, 12 00:02:49,711 --> 00:02:51,672 here with a large family member. 13 00:02:51,755 --> 00:02:54,633 This is Clive Oppenheimer, 14 00:02:57,094 --> 00:02:59,012 a volcanologist from Cambridge University, 15 00:02:59,096 --> 00:03:02,265 which brings us to this place 16 00:03:02,349 --> 00:03:04,518 Head Mael Moses, you are the head of this beautiful village of Endu, 17 00:03:05,185 --> 00:03:08,814 18 00:03:08,897 --> 00:03:11,733 only a few kilometers from the volcanic crater. 19 00:03:11,817 --> 00:03:17,197 You visit the crater and see yourself going to hell, 20 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:19,699 - into a raging fire. -Yes. 21 00:03:19,783 --> 00:03:22,160 How do you feel when you go there? 22 00:03:23,578 --> 00:03:24,871 Uh... 23 00:03:26,039 --> 00:03:29,960 I feel very scared to see fire 24 00:03:32,003 --> 00:03:38,677 Second, I don't feel on Ambrym Island. 25 00:03:39,094 --> 00:03:40,762 I thought I was somewhere else. 26 00:03:41,930 --> 00:03:45,142 And, uh... another thing, 27 00:03:45,225 --> 00:03:51,148 I feel it-- how strong the fire is. 28 00:03:56,695 --> 00:03:59,156 Does the spirit live in fire? 29 00:04:00,282 --> 00:04:03,368 That's what we believe, These spirits are in fire. 30 00:04:03,452 --> 00:04:07,706 The fire lights up through that spirit. 31 00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:11,918 We believe that fire is burning through that spirit. 32 00:04:14,921 --> 00:04:20,427 I read that there was a big eruption in 1968, 33 00:04:20,510 --> 00:04:25,265 and that there is a ritual performed to stop the eruption. 34 00:04:25,348 --> 00:04:30,187 And then tourists are not permitted for three years thereafter 35 00:04:30,270 --> 00:04:32,105 to visit the crater 36 00:04:32,189 --> 00:04:36,067 because it looks somehow the tourists have started the eruption. 37 00:04:36,151 --> 00:04:37,444 What is that...? 38 00:04:37,527 --> 00:04:42,365 Well, we believe that because we think that spirit 39 00:04:42,449 --> 00:04:44,659 who are on the volcano... 40 00:04:44,743 --> 00:04:48,622 if they see you, they don't know who this is Good? 41 00:04:48,705 --> 00:04:52,292 But if they see one of us, they know that, uh, 42 00:04:52,375 --> 00:04:55,879 because we are more or less related to volcanoes, 43 00:04:55,962 --> 00:04:58,965 then they will just shut up. 44 00:04:59,883 --> 00:05:04,513 Sometimes we say that tourists will not go up there Good? 45 00:05:04,596 --> 00:05:09,601 Because you are a stranger That spirit, volcano. 46 00:05:13,522 --> 00:05:19,694 As soon as I dream about a volcano, I see people in the fire. 47 00:05:21,488 --> 00:05:23,990 People and women and men. 48 00:05:24,074 --> 00:05:26,451 They cook their food there. 49 00:05:26,535 --> 00:05:30,080 So, it makes me believe that there is someone who-- 50 00:05:30,163 --> 00:05:31,790 Their spirits are there. 51 00:05:34,376 --> 00:05:37,087 Liquid rock, is that part of the spirit? 52 00:05:38,421 --> 00:05:43,927 Lahar reveals demonic anger 53 00:05:44,010 --> 00:05:46,972 who lives on that fire, volcano. 54 00:05:51,768 --> 00:05:55,814 What is that ancestor, then, live under a volcano? 55 00:05:55,897 --> 00:06:01,736 Yes, we believe anyone who dies here goes to the volcano, 56 00:06:01,820 --> 00:06:05,365 and the volcano has become their village, 57 00:06:05,448 --> 00:06:09,869 where you can talk to them and they can talk with us. 58 00:06:10,787 --> 00:06:14,541 -Can you talk to a volcano? -I don't, because, you know, 59 00:06:14,624 --> 00:06:16,960 I am not related to volcanoes. 60 00:06:17,043 --> 00:06:22,132 But one of my brothers is. He is talking to the volcano. 61 00:06:22,215 --> 00:06:28,680 His father - his father, When he climbed into the volcano, 62 00:06:28,763 --> 00:06:32,475 and if he wants to smoke, he just calls 63 00:06:32,559 --> 00:06:35,520 and the fire will go down, and take fire 64 00:06:35,604 --> 00:06:39,649 and light a cigarette or pipe or something like that. 65 00:06:39,733 --> 00:06:42,068 And if your brother talks to a volcano, 66 00:06:42,152 --> 00:06:44,988 can he tell you what the volcano says, 67 00:06:45,071 --> 00:06:48,742 - or is it just a secret? -No, this is a secret for him. Yes. 68 00:06:48,825 --> 00:06:51,911 -Do you try and get the secret from him? -I have a few. 69 00:06:55,790 --> 00:06:58,126 But Chief Mael Moses worries 70 00:06:58,209 --> 00:07:01,004 about the loss of their ancient culture. 71 00:07:01,087 --> 00:07:05,675 He asked us to follow him to a ritual place in the forest. 72 00:07:10,805 --> 00:07:15,352 A long time ago, our people were cannibals They see someone, and they want to attack him 73 00:07:15,435 --> 00:07:20,315 and kill him so they use it for meat. 74 00:07:20,398 --> 00:07:24,069 75 00:07:24,152 --> 00:07:26,404 And this is how they demonstrate it. 76 00:07:49,844 --> 00:07:52,472 Many people here have lost their dance. 77 00:07:52,931 --> 00:07:57,602 They have lost the idea of dancing. 78 00:07:57,686 --> 00:07:58,603 Yes. 79 00:07:59,729 --> 00:08:05,402 Custom dance that you will see this afternoon 80 00:08:05,485 --> 00:08:09,864 only my family will do the dance. 81 00:08:15,203 --> 00:08:19,666 This is a happier dance. The happiest dance. 82 00:08:19,749 --> 00:08:22,669 After we are finished a long suffering, 83 00:08:22,752 --> 00:08:25,797 then we love to go back and dance 84 00:08:25,880 --> 00:08:27,549 and to express ourselves. 85 00:09:40,622 --> 00:09:43,958 I studied here ten years ago with some of his colleagues, 86 00:09:44,042 --> 00:09:45,835 scientist from Vanuatu 87 00:09:45,919 --> 00:09:50,215 For you, is it strange to imagine it? that someone will come here to work, 88 00:09:50,298 --> 00:09:53,718 to learn how volcanoes work, how to erupt? 89 00:09:54,636 --> 00:09:59,390 I was very surprised to hear that that you are very interested 90 00:09:59,474 --> 00:10:01,810 on a volcano. Yes. 91 00:10:02,227 --> 00:10:04,479 I always ask myself, 92 00:10:04,562 --> 00:10:08,691 "Why are these people? Want to relate to the fire?" 93 00:10:08,775 --> 00:10:11,736 Good? 94 00:10:11,820 --> 00:10:16,741 When I saw this, went in a helicopter yesterday, 95 00:10:16,825 --> 00:10:19,994 I want to know, "Why does this person go - 96 00:10:20,078 --> 00:10:23,665 Want to connect with the volcano, right?" 97 00:10:28,920 --> 00:10:32,841 Yes, I don't know why you are very interested in volcanoes. 98 00:10:34,884 --> 00:10:39,514 On the one hand, this film started for me ten years ago in Antarctica. 99 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:44,227 I am doing a film about scientists on this continent 100 00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:48,064 which brings me to Mount Erebus, an active volcano, 101 00:10:48,148 --> 00:10:50,108 one in three in the world 102 00:10:50,191 --> 00:10:54,112 where you can see straight into magma inside the earth. 103 00:10:55,613 --> 00:11:00,785 Magma is heated liquid rock from where lava can be extruded. 104 00:11:01,744 --> 00:11:06,207 It is in Erebus, 12,500 feet above sea level, 105 00:11:06,291 --> 00:11:10,503 that I met with strange and beautiful tribes from volcanology, 106 00:11:10,587 --> 00:11:13,756 some of them are treated with with altitude sickness. 107 00:11:22,557 --> 00:11:26,686 This is close to boiling magma, which often explodes, 108 00:11:26,769 --> 00:11:31,524 we were told about the etiquette how to handle the item 109 00:11:33,026 --> 00:11:35,570 One very important thing that needs to be remembered 110 00:11:35,653 --> 00:11:37,197 when you are in the crater 111 00:11:37,280 --> 00:11:40,992 is lava lake can explode anytime 112 00:11:41,075 --> 00:11:45,371 If yes, it's important to keep your attention 113 00:11:45,455 --> 00:11:46,831 facing towards lava lake 114 00:11:46,915 --> 00:11:51,127 and watch for bombs that track into the air, 115 00:11:51,210 --> 00:11:54,464 and try to choose the that might come towards you 116 00:11:54,547 --> 00:11:56,257 and step out of the way. 117 00:11:56,341 --> 00:11:59,510 The last thing you want to do is to turn away from the crater 118 00:11:59,594 --> 00:12:01,638 or run or squat. 119 00:12:01,721 --> 00:12:04,307 Your attention to lava lakes, Look, 120 00:12:04,390 --> 00:12:05,558 and get away. 121 00:12:09,228 --> 00:12:12,565 What really impressed me was seeing these scientists 122 00:12:12,649 --> 00:12:17,070 work hard on the side of the volcano with such heavy loads. 123 00:12:18,863 --> 00:12:21,282 Temperature this morning 124 00:12:21,366 --> 00:12:24,786 is minus 25 degrees Fahrenheit. 125 00:12:25,787 --> 00:12:28,331 My face froze. 126 00:12:29,958 --> 00:12:32,085 One of them stands out. 127 00:12:32,168 --> 00:12:35,046 Despite having a fantastic lava lake there, 128 00:12:35,129 --> 00:12:36,839 with all that energy, 129 00:12:36,923 --> 00:12:42,178 we still have to carry the old one gasoline generators get to the edge of the crater. 130 00:12:52,981 --> 00:12:55,400 Man vs. engine, chapter 53. 131 00:12:55,942 --> 00:12:59,028 Professor Clive Oppenheimer at Erebus. 132 00:13:00,571 --> 00:13:01,781 Hands in pocket. 133 00:13:02,949 --> 00:13:04,784 Waiting to start spontaneously. 134 00:13:05,827 --> 00:13:07,620 I think he will wait a long time. 135 00:13:09,789 --> 00:13:12,625 Have you ever seen two men kissing above Erebus before? 136 00:13:18,214 --> 00:13:20,008 I like working with Harry. 137 00:13:22,593 --> 00:13:24,595 Is it okay Thank you. 138 00:13:25,388 --> 00:13:28,349 It's easy to start friendship with him. 139 00:13:29,309 --> 00:13:31,602 On one of our first days together, 140 00:13:31,686 --> 00:13:35,273 he insisted on practicing my own camera. 141 00:13:35,356 --> 00:13:37,233 Let's turn it off, huh? Good? 142 00:13:37,316 --> 00:13:41,112 Do you see them only in destructive terms, volcanoes? 143 00:13:41,195 --> 00:13:44,407 No, I... I don't. Uh... 144 00:13:47,493 --> 00:13:49,954 Something different. It's good they are there. 145 00:13:50,038 --> 00:13:56,210 And the land we live in, uh, is not permanent 146 00:13:56,794 --> 00:13:59,797 There is no eternity for what we do... 147 00:14:00,673 --> 00:14:03,259 there is no eternity for human effort , 148 00:14:03,342 --> 00:14:06,596 there is no eternity for art, there is no eternity of science. 149 00:14:07,180 --> 00:14:12,393 There is something from the earth's crust it somehow moves, 150 00:14:12,477 --> 00:14:18,274 and that makes me like the volcano to know that our lives, 151 00:14:18,358 --> 00:14:21,194 human life, or animals, 152 00:14:21,277 --> 00:14:23,905 can only live and survive 153 00:14:23,988 --> 00:14:27,867 because volcanoes are created The atmosphere we need. 154 00:14:27,950 --> 00:14:31,746 Do you have a taste of different types of volcanoes and eruptions? 155 00:14:31,829 --> 00:14:36,793 I know you filmed La Soufrière de Guadeloupe many years ago, 156 00:14:36,876 --> 00:14:38,294 which is very-- 157 00:14:38,378 --> 00:14:43,007 Well, do you feel the difference in activity here with...? 158 00:14:43,091 --> 00:14:46,177 Yes, La Soufrière is very unstable. 159 00:14:49,347 --> 00:14:52,517 It was all the way back in 1976 160 00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:55,353 when I first recorded a volcano. 161 00:14:55,436 --> 00:14:58,815 This is on the Caribbean island from Guadeloupe 162 00:15:00,108 --> 00:15:03,820 The mountain is expected to explode anytime, 163 00:15:03,903 --> 00:15:07,532 and 70,000 people are quickly evacuated 164 00:15:12,328 --> 00:15:17,667 because of the memory of an event which takes apocalyptic proportions. 165 00:15:18,793 --> 00:15:21,921 It is known that, in 1902, 166 00:15:22,004 --> 00:15:26,717 on the neighboring island of Martinique, Mount Pelee exploded. 167 00:15:26,801 --> 00:15:32,890 The signal issued by La Soufrière in Guadeloupe 168 00:15:32,974 --> 00:15:36,894 almost identical for what has happened 169 00:15:36,978 --> 00:15:39,272 It was measured in 1902. 170 00:15:45,611 --> 00:15:49,991 many times an atomic bomb, Hiroshima Size 171 00:15:50,074 --> 00:15:52,910 So, I'm not interested in the volcano. 172 00:15:52,994 --> 00:15:57,039 I am interested in one person who refused to be evacuated. 173 00:15:57,123 --> 00:15:58,082 Uh huh. 174 00:16:00,710 --> 00:16:05,339 75 people - 75,000 people were evacuated, 175 00:16:05,423 --> 00:16:06,799 and he stays 176 00:16:06,883 --> 00:16:09,719 I really found it - I found him sleeping. 177 00:16:09,802 --> 00:16:13,473 I found him sleeping. I have to wake him in front of the camera. 178 00:16:16,225 --> 00:16:18,686 And what's beautiful-- he's very philosophical 179 00:16:18,769 --> 00:16:20,980 A very poor black farmer. 180 00:16:21,063 --> 00:16:23,024 And I feel it, after a while, 181 00:16:23,107 --> 00:16:26,569 He feels uncomfortable with us again, 182 00:16:26,652 --> 00:16:31,991 and he sat down and started to tie his worn tennis shoes. 183 00:16:32,074 --> 00:16:35,578 And then, suddenly, he sang a song against the camera, 184 00:16:35,661 --> 00:16:39,123 and I know that. So, go, we better get out. 185 00:16:54,305 --> 00:16:56,349 We met in Antarctica 186 00:16:56,432 --> 00:17:00,061 during shooting from Encounters at the End of the World, 187 00:17:00,144 --> 00:17:03,940 and I know a little about you. I've seen some of your films 188 00:17:04,023 --> 00:17:06,692 when I was young, 189 00:17:06,776 --> 00:17:09,862 and I know something about your reputation. 190 00:17:09,946 --> 00:17:13,074 And we, on our field team, 191 00:17:13,157 --> 00:17:18,871 we are worried that you will go to have us driven 192 00:17:18,955 --> 00:17:20,748 go down to the lava lake. 193 00:17:20,831 --> 00:17:25,044 There are some concerns that you will be looking for a long rope 194 00:17:25,127 --> 00:17:28,422 with which we can be lowered in meters from this fiery lake 195 00:17:28,506 --> 00:17:30,341 on Mount Erebus, volcano. 196 00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:36,889 And instead, you are interested in what we do 197 00:17:36,973 --> 00:17:38,766 and why we do it 198 00:17:38,849 --> 00:17:43,437 For me, there is no personal excitement down. 199 00:17:43,521 --> 00:17:47,733 There is curiosity. Yes, I want to see it at close range. 200 00:17:48,484 --> 00:17:51,862 But because it's too dangerous, it will be ridiculous 201 00:17:51,946 --> 00:17:54,365 We have, in some ways, similar... 202 00:17:54,448 --> 00:17:57,243 Um, you know, both of us - As a volcanologist, 203 00:17:57,326 --> 00:17:59,620 Of course, there are risks taking measurements, 204 00:17:59,704 --> 00:18:04,792 and you ask yourself, "Okay, it's worth it Dead to get this measurement?" 205 00:18:04,875 --> 00:18:08,087 And the answer is no, if you see it in that term. 206 00:18:08,170 --> 00:18:10,673 But you always try to evaluate 207 00:18:10,756 --> 00:18:13,009 how far you go to tolerate the risk. 208 00:18:13,092 --> 00:18:15,678 I mean, even here, Volcanoes can explode now 209 00:18:15,761 --> 00:18:18,848 and we can all be beaten by one of these five meter bombs. 210 00:18:18,931 --> 00:18:22,560 I am the only sane clinical film maker, 211 00:18:22,643 --> 00:18:25,396 - take all precautions -That's very clear Oh, of course. 212 00:18:25,479 --> 00:18:28,482 I mean, you won't stay here if you're crazy 213 00:18:28,566 --> 00:18:32,486 You must have consumed with pyroclastic currents 214 00:18:32,570 --> 00:18:36,532 or gas flare or grizzly bear or whatever. 215 00:18:36,616 --> 00:18:38,743 So it's pretty clear that you are sane. 216 00:18:39,285 --> 00:18:42,872 I never doubt it for a moment from our first meeting 217 00:18:43,497 --> 00:18:47,126 Deprived of volcanic gas. 218 00:18:48,794 --> 00:18:49,670 Very good. 219 00:18:51,297 --> 00:18:54,008 - That's a good swoosh -Yeah, good swoosh 220 00:18:56,385 --> 00:18:59,263 -We are very blast about all this. -Yes. 221 00:19:00,431 --> 00:19:04,935 But let that come to us. We will deal with it and move aside. 222 00:19:06,937 --> 00:19:10,608 We will often discuss life and work of French couples, 223 00:19:10,691 --> 00:19:13,027 Katia and Maurice Krafft. 224 00:19:14,028 --> 00:19:18,449 They are famous for capturing extraordinary volcano images 225 00:19:21,202 --> 00:19:26,040 But this means they have to get it very close to their subject. 226 00:19:26,123 --> 00:19:30,044 Too close, because it will eventually change. 227 00:21:13,773 --> 00:21:18,319 They were both instantly killed with pyroclastic flow in Japan, 228 00:21:18,402 --> 00:21:21,155 with 41 other people. 229 00:21:27,453 --> 00:21:32,374 This is an avalanche super-hot gas that kills them. 230 00:21:32,458 --> 00:21:37,046 What is being rushed down this slope? at more than 100 miles per hour 231 00:21:37,129 --> 00:21:41,217 has a temperature of over 800 degrees Fahrenheit. 232 00:22:10,329 --> 00:22:13,332 I spend a very formative part my youth in Indonesia 233 00:22:13,415 --> 00:22:17,044 I came to Toba When I was 19 years old. 234 00:22:17,127 --> 00:22:20,256 And actually, in Indonesia, I feel like my second home. 235 00:22:20,339 --> 00:22:23,133 I returned intermittently for years, 236 00:22:23,217 --> 00:22:25,177 but I immediately felt at home. 237 00:22:25,261 --> 00:22:29,974 The smell of kretek clove cigarettes, sights, sounds This is a very special place for me. 238 00:22:30,057 --> 00:22:32,476 And I think of my career as a volcanologist partly formed from the first visit as 19 years. 239 00:22:32,560 --> 00:22:36,647 Indonesia is the right place for aspiring scientists. 240 00:22:36,730 --> 00:22:41,235 Actually, there is no country in the world that has more volcanoes than this one. 241 00:22:42,027 --> 00:22:46,240 Clive Oppenheimer takes us to Mount Sinabung. 242 00:22:46,323 --> 00:22:52,705 It has been relatively quiet the last few years. 243 00:22:52,788 --> 00:22:55,791 The area that we are aiming for now has been declared a limited zone, 244 00:22:56,542 --> 00:23:00,087 without access allowed anyone. 245 00:23:01,589 --> 00:23:06,844 But, when we found farmers working there, we felt safe enough 246 00:23:06,927 --> 00:23:10,097 A frightening relic still exists, from the 2010 eruption 247 00:23:10,180 --> 00:23:15,352 248 00:23:16,604 --> 00:23:21,775 249 00:23:23,819 --> 00:23:26,947 Feeling this happened far enough in time, 250 00:23:27,031 --> 00:23:30,492 no one suspected what happened next. 251 00:24:18,082 --> 00:24:21,585 Fortunately, this eruption doesn't hurt anyone, 252 00:24:21,669 --> 00:24:24,296 and we immediately left the area. 253 00:24:31,762 --> 00:24:36,475 Only a few days later, We saw this on Indonesian television. 254 00:24:37,142 --> 00:24:41,814 Seven people died in that place where we have our camera 255 00:25:06,797 --> 00:25:09,717 To prevent such a disaster, 256 00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:14,263 Indonesia has been established many early warning systems 257 00:25:14,346 --> 00:25:17,099 This is the Babadan Observatory, 258 00:25:17,182 --> 00:25:19,351 which monitors Mount Merapi, 259 00:25:19,435 --> 00:25:23,272 one of the most dangerous volcanoes In the world. 260 00:25:24,231 --> 00:25:28,819 And each of these stations is a seismometer somewhere in Merapi, 261 00:25:28,902 --> 00:25:32,281 different distances, five, six kilometers from the top? 262 00:25:32,364 --> 00:25:38,203 Yes it's true. So, we have a peak station. 263 00:25:38,287 --> 00:25:41,081 We have a short east station, 264 00:25:41,165 --> 00:25:44,793 We have a short station at Babadan Hill. 265 00:25:44,877 --> 00:25:49,173 And also we are to the west of the station. 266 00:25:49,256 --> 00:25:54,470 And this real-time data gives one of the most important parts 267 00:25:54,553 --> 00:25:59,016 from the volcano monitoring program to assess what the volcano is doing. 268 00:25:59,099 --> 00:26:01,643 -This is the heartbeat of a volcano. -Persis. 269 00:26:01,727 --> 00:26:06,273 This one is electronic distance measurement 270 00:26:06,356 --> 00:26:11,487 So, we have reflectors at the top of Merapi. 271 00:26:11,570 --> 00:26:15,365 Then we measure every morning. 272 00:26:15,908 --> 00:26:19,620 With this measurement, we plan the cone 273 00:26:19,703 --> 00:26:22,289 So, it measures - This fires laser pulses 274 00:26:22,372 --> 00:26:25,125 to mirror five, six kilometers away, 275 00:26:25,209 --> 00:26:27,795 light bounces back and you have measured the distance. 276 00:26:27,878 --> 00:26:31,882 And that can be shown whether the volcano is flushed 277 00:26:31,965 --> 00:26:35,511 because magma rises to the cone. Is that-- 278 00:26:35,594 --> 00:26:41,600 Right. That is the idea for electronic distance measurement. 279 00:26:41,683 --> 00:26:43,977 In the worst case scenario, 280 00:26:44,061 --> 00:26:48,315 I imagine the observer is at risk if there is pyroclastic flow. 281 00:26:48,398 --> 00:26:51,193 If it's too late for observers to evacuate, 282 00:26:51,276 --> 00:26:53,195 are there any options left? 283 00:26:53,278 --> 00:26:55,739 Yes, it's an emergency. 284 00:26:55,823 --> 00:26:59,076 Then if there is an emergency, we have a bunker. 285 00:27:00,452 --> 00:27:01,954 This is a thick door. 286 00:27:02,037 --> 00:27:03,539 -Yes. -After you. 287 00:27:04,832 --> 00:27:08,001 We put food and also oxygen. 288 00:27:08,085 --> 00:27:12,256 We hope they can survive for one month. 289 00:27:13,549 --> 00:27:18,762 This reminds me of the eruption of the Mount Pelée in 1902 which killed nearly 30,000 people in the city of Saint-Pierre 290 00:27:18,846 --> 00:27:22,141 when pyroclastic flow reaches it. 291 00:27:22,224 --> 00:27:25,853 And the only goodbye because he is the worst man in town. 292 00:27:26,353 --> 00:27:31,275 293 00:27:31,358 --> 00:27:35,070 He is a criminal. I think he stabbed a prison officer 294 00:27:35,153 --> 00:27:37,197 through the cheek with a pencil, 295 00:27:37,281 --> 00:27:41,660 and he was put in an isolation cage in a bunker-like cell. 296 00:27:41,743 --> 00:27:45,163 All other prisoners perish, But he survives, 297 00:27:45,247 --> 00:27:49,376 even though it burns badly, because there are small grill windows in cells, 298 00:27:49,459 --> 00:27:53,005 and he then joins Barnum & Bailey Circle 299 00:27:53,088 --> 00:27:55,757 and exhibited as a celebrity, 300 00:27:55,841 --> 00:27:58,468 as the only survivor of this eruption. 301 00:28:09,646 --> 00:28:14,067 So, in 2010, monitoring was very important in predicting eruptions and their escalation. 302 00:28:14,151 --> 00:28:18,363 The first indication is seismic. 303 00:28:18,447 --> 00:28:21,700 Many volcanic earthquakes. 304 00:28:21,783 --> 00:28:25,204 This shows that there is a moving magma. 305 00:28:26,038 --> 00:28:29,458 Also supported by this electronic distance measurement 306 00:28:29,541 --> 00:28:34,296 And gas measurements? 307 00:28:34,379 --> 00:28:35,672 Of course. 308 00:28:35,756 --> 00:28:36,965 309 00:28:38,008 --> 00:28:40,552 I know this looks sad, like a shoe box 310 00:28:40,636 --> 00:28:43,055 with canned baked beans sticking to the end, 311 00:28:43,138 --> 00:28:45,182 and also look like that pointing to the ground, 312 00:28:45,265 --> 00:28:47,768 not at the top of the volcano here. 313 00:28:47,851 --> 00:28:51,230 But that is something I am very proud of. This is something we built at Cambridge. 314 00:28:51,313 --> 00:28:55,025 There are small windows here, and mirrors and some lenses, 315 00:28:55,108 --> 00:28:57,319 connected to an ultraviolet spectrometer. 316 00:28:57,402 --> 00:29:01,949 The device measures emissions of sulfur dioxide from volcanoes When the gas rises above the peak, 317 00:29:02,032 --> 00:29:05,244 and this is a very important parameter 318 00:29:05,327 --> 00:29:07,537 in many volcano monitoring programs around the world. 319 00:29:07,621 --> 00:29:10,874 And the predecessor of this device we have worked here in 2010, 320 00:29:10,958 --> 00:29:15,587 and it plays an important role in hazard assessment, 321 00:29:15,671 --> 00:29:20,050 322 00:29:20,133 --> 00:29:24,721 and estimated conservatively on something like 20,000 lives saved 323 00:29:24,805 --> 00:29:27,849 because of effective monitoring Merapi in 2010 324 00:29:27,933 --> 00:29:30,143 and evacuation that follows it. 325 00:29:38,193 --> 00:29:41,071 I am very happy to see that still works Uh... 326 00:29:41,154 --> 00:29:46,535 I hold, along with several colleagues, patents for the original prototype, 327 00:29:46,618 --> 00:29:49,288 that we designed more than ten years ago now. 328 00:29:49,371 --> 00:29:53,458 So, this technology is now found in volcanoes around the world, 329 00:29:53,542 --> 00:29:58,088 and it revolutionizes monitoring gas emissions from volcanoes. 330 00:29:59,423 --> 00:30:02,426 This is my baby. I am very happy to see it. 331 00:30:02,509 --> 00:30:05,929 I have never seen it for two years, and here it is, still working. 332 00:30:12,269 --> 00:30:16,481 Obviously, there are the scientific side for our journey. 333 00:30:16,565 --> 00:30:20,777 But what we really chase is the magic side: 334 00:30:20,861 --> 00:30:23,572 devil, new god. 335 00:30:24,406 --> 00:30:28,368 This is a trip plan we have set for ourselves, 336 00:30:28,452 --> 00:30:32,205 it doesn't matter how strange things can finally happen. 337 00:30:33,582 --> 00:30:37,419 Here in the palace of the Sultan of Jogjakarta, 338 00:30:37,502 --> 00:30:42,924 High officials are charged with their duties reconcile the ocean goddess 339 00:30:43,008 --> 00:30:45,635 with a volcano devil. 340 00:30:48,472 --> 00:30:52,726 The Sultan himself does not join in the procession 341 00:30:52,809 --> 00:30:58,065 We admire the Mercedes that is parked, wrapped in plastic bubbles, 342 00:30:58,148 --> 00:31:03,070 As if conceptual artist Christo had just been here 343 00:31:11,703 --> 00:31:15,874 The procession stops for ritual close to the sea. 344 00:31:15,957 --> 00:31:19,628 This will be a reenactment of sexual union 345 00:31:19,711 --> 00:31:24,174 between an ancient sultan and the Queen of the Sea. 346 00:31:24,257 --> 00:31:28,095 A doctoral student Clive & apos; s, Adam Bobbette, 347 00:31:28,178 --> 00:31:30,263 serves as our guide. 348 00:31:30,347 --> 00:31:35,018 Every year, they must reproduce this by giving rituals - 349 00:31:35,102 --> 00:31:38,605 by performing rituals on this site and then giving offerings 350 00:31:38,688 --> 00:31:43,026 to the South Sea from the sultan, including body parts - 351 00:31:43,110 --> 00:31:46,446 nails, hair, clothes-- 352 00:31:46,530 --> 00:31:51,535 they launch into the sea to calm the Queen of the South Sea. 353 00:31:51,618 --> 00:31:54,496 As part of their sexual union, 354 00:31:54,579 --> 00:31:58,083 They also created a kind of monster 355 00:31:58,166 --> 00:32:01,711 who finally occupies the volcano. 356 00:32:02,712 --> 00:32:06,883 So, this hole is where they will offer, 357 00:32:06,967 --> 00:32:09,970 because this is the site from sexual union 358 00:32:10,053 --> 00:32:13,181 between the Sea Goddess and the first sultan. 359 00:32:13,932 --> 00:32:16,768 I think it's coming right now. This is the box. 360 00:32:16,852 --> 00:32:18,228 Here it is. 361 00:32:29,948 --> 00:32:33,368 And now offerings to the sea. 362 00:33:00,228 --> 00:33:04,900 The next day, we witness the ritual on the volcano. 363 00:33:04,983 --> 00:33:09,321 Merapi, this morning, is not clouded. 364 00:33:31,218 --> 00:33:36,181 After the ceremony, crowds go right for flower petals, 365 00:33:36,264 --> 00:33:38,350 good souvenir 366 00:33:50,987 --> 00:33:52,864 Strange magic. 367 00:33:52,948 --> 00:33:55,450 Another confusing alignment, 368 00:33:55,534 --> 00:33:58,745 This time between a building and a volcano, 369 00:33:58,828 --> 00:34:03,291 Here, barely visible, seems to float in the cloud. 370 00:34:05,293 --> 00:34:09,297 Strange buildings are still under construction. 371 00:34:17,764 --> 00:34:20,183 Inside, we don't find anyone 372 00:34:20,267 --> 00:34:24,104 on empty seats pretend to watch TV 373 00:34:32,362 --> 00:34:36,324 On the floor, we met some carpenters. 374 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:47,877 Yes, I am one of the workers to build this place. 375 00:34:49,045 --> 00:34:52,549 What is that? What are you building 376 00:34:52,632 --> 00:34:56,720 I built this 377 00:34:57,762 --> 00:35:04,436 The owner dreams. After that, he built this building. 378 00:35:04,519 --> 00:35:10,942 A building that will be used for prayer. 379 00:35:13,653 --> 00:35:15,780 Looks like chicken? 380 00:35:15,864 --> 00:35:18,575 This is actually a dove, not a chicken. 381 00:35:18,658 --> 00:35:25,498 But maybe it's also related to Merapi? 382 00:35:27,626 --> 00:35:33,757 Maybe the owner thinks like that, points towards Mount Merapi. 383 00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:38,595 I'm just an ordinary worker 384 00:35:38,678 --> 00:35:42,557 who return home after work hours. 385 00:35:42,641 --> 00:35:48,480 But it still looks like a chicken right? 386 00:35:48,563 --> 00:35:52,692 Yes, most people say It's like chicken. 387 00:35:52,776 --> 00:35:56,321 They call it the Chicken Church. 388 00:35:56,404 --> 00:36:02,786 - A soap opera makes a scene here. -Yes. 389 00:36:04,120 --> 00:36:09,125 It became popular after the soap opera was shot. 390 00:36:09,209 --> 00:36:15,965 Last Saturday, someone from Surabaya who saw the show, 391 00:36:16,049 --> 00:36:22,931 want to see the location, so they come here 392 00:36:27,102 --> 00:36:31,731 Even stranger is the fact that, in most Muslim countries, 393 00:36:31,815 --> 00:36:34,359 This is the Roman Catholic church. 394 00:36:35,318 --> 00:36:39,489 Under the floor, even has its own catacombs, 395 00:36:39,572 --> 00:36:42,033 may be a refuge for hermits, 396 00:36:42,117 --> 00:36:45,036 as protection against volcanic impacts. 397 00:37:28,371 --> 00:37:31,666 Of the many volcanoes in Indonesia, 398 00:37:31,750 --> 00:37:34,961 none of the is not connected 399 00:37:35,044 --> 00:37:36,880 to the trust system 400 00:37:39,382 --> 00:37:42,635 For locals, all these volcanic landscapes 401 00:37:42,719 --> 00:37:45,263 bears a magical name 402 00:37:45,346 --> 00:37:47,807 Pasar Malam Hantu, 403 00:37:47,891 --> 00:37:49,893 Flying Foxes, 404 00:37:49,976 --> 00:37:53,271 Dancing Place of the Spirit. 405 00:38:30,475 --> 00:38:32,143 Return to Lake Toba, 406 00:38:32,227 --> 00:38:36,147 Clive Oppenheimer place s s scientific journey begins. 407 00:38:37,857 --> 00:38:40,860 This is the biggest volcanic crater lake on earth 408 00:38:40,944 --> 00:38:44,405 This extends like 100 kilometers into the distance 409 00:38:44,489 --> 00:38:46,032 Frankly, it's too big to be filmed. 410 00:38:46,115 --> 00:38:48,952 We should have ordered tickets on the International Space Station 411 00:38:49,035 --> 00:38:52,372 to look down from above and appreciate the broad scale. 412 00:38:53,957 --> 00:38:57,710 The eruption happened something like 74,000 years ago. 413 00:38:58,711 --> 00:39:02,632 This is a terrible thing, extraordinary volcanic eruptions, 414 00:39:02,715 --> 00:39:04,884 one of the biggest that we have documented 415 00:39:04,968 --> 00:39:07,679 in all earth history for one event 416 00:39:07,762 --> 00:39:09,639 The sky will be dark, 417 00:39:09,722 --> 00:39:13,810 there will definitely be a fire in this northern part of Sumatra 418 00:39:13,893 --> 00:39:18,982 as pyroclastic currents spread Radially around the crater, 419 00:39:19,065 --> 00:39:22,610 ignites all tropical vegetation. 420 00:39:22,694 --> 00:39:28,199 The eruption produced something 15,000 cubic kilometers of ash and pumice 421 00:39:28,283 --> 00:39:31,744 being pumped high into the Stratosphere 422 00:39:31,828 --> 00:39:33,872 and spread throughout the world. 423 00:39:33,955 --> 00:39:40,420 Pumice is enough to bury everyone in the United States to head height. 424 00:39:40,795 --> 00:39:43,798 It's like 10,000 times bigger 425 00:39:43,882 --> 00:39:46,175 from 1980 eruption Mount St. Helens. 426 00:39:46,259 --> 00:39:48,636 This is 100,000 times greater 427 00:39:48,720 --> 00:39:52,140 from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland in 2010 428 00:39:52,223 --> 00:39:54,267 which disrupts global flights. 429 00:39:54,350 --> 00:39:58,313 This is an extraordinary event in earth history 430 00:39:58,396 --> 00:40:01,107 And there is even a theory that the eruption 431 00:40:01,190 --> 00:40:03,151 almost sweeps us as a species. 432 00:40:03,234 --> 00:40:07,155 Based on genetic genealogy human beings, 433 00:40:07,238 --> 00:40:12,827 we can say that there are obstacles in the number of people around this time period. 434 00:40:13,912 --> 00:40:18,291 And the relation between climate change Made by eruption, 435 00:40:18,374 --> 00:40:20,752 depletion of tropical vegetation 436 00:40:20,835 --> 00:40:23,796 that's the resource base for our ancestors 437 00:40:24,714 --> 00:40:29,302 Maybe there are only 600 people from our species left on Earth. 438 00:40:29,385 --> 00:40:31,971 We must have been classified as endangered species. 439 00:40:32,055 --> 00:40:33,681 Somehow, we rebounded. 440 00:40:34,682 --> 00:40:37,685 This theory is very controversial, however. 441 00:40:37,769 --> 00:40:40,813 And that's because there is very little evidence 442 00:40:40,897 --> 00:40:42,106 this is far into the past. 443 00:40:42,190 --> 00:40:45,068 Especially, very few human fossils 444 00:40:45,151 --> 00:40:47,111 to try and establish cause and effect. 445 00:40:47,820 --> 00:40:50,740 If we want to find human fossils from 74,000 years ago, 446 00:40:50,823 --> 00:40:54,702 we should go to Ethiopia, We should go to the Afar Region. 447 00:40:58,122 --> 00:41:01,250 This is part Danakil Depression, 448 00:41:01,334 --> 00:41:03,962 300 feet below sea level. 449 00:41:04,545 --> 00:41:07,632 In terms of average throughout the year temperature, 450 00:41:07,715 --> 00:41:10,760 This is the hottest place on our planet. 451 00:41:12,136 --> 00:41:13,262 During the summer, 452 00:41:13,346 --> 00:41:18,309 the temperature almost never drops below 120 degrees Fahrenheit. 453 00:41:19,435 --> 00:41:23,147 Work conditions can only be tolerated in the middle of winter, 454 00:41:23,231 --> 00:41:26,401 and even when it's very hot. 455 00:41:28,069 --> 00:41:32,156 Besides, this is a tribal war area, 456 00:41:32,240 --> 00:41:36,828 and you can only enter it accompanied by armed soldiers. 457 00:41:47,380 --> 00:41:51,384 Depression is only part of the of long, stretched cracks keep going down through all of East Africa. 458 00:41:51,467 --> 00:41:54,554 459 00:41:55,638 --> 00:41:58,850 In millions of years, cracks will widen 460 00:41:58,933 --> 00:42:01,936 to the continental line break, 461 00:42:02,020 --> 00:42:04,439 drift into the Indian Ocean. 462 00:42:06,607 --> 00:42:09,569 In a place like that, the shape of a volcano. 463 00:42:11,404 --> 00:42:14,532 This one, Erta Ale, 464 00:42:14,615 --> 00:42:18,870 is one of the three in this world where magma is immediately exposed. 465 00:42:45,813 --> 00:42:50,443 Erta Ale is also important for its benefit to early humans. 466 00:42:51,152 --> 00:42:55,448 A large number of obsidian, a volcanic glass, 467 00:42:55,531 --> 00:42:57,575 extruded from the crater. 468 00:43:00,870 --> 00:43:04,373 Look at that. This is transparent at the edges. 469 00:43:05,333 --> 00:43:06,959 Beautiful Flakes 470 00:43:10,088 --> 00:43:13,841 And still very sharp. You might be able to shave it. 471 00:43:14,842 --> 00:43:17,512 Obsidian is very hard and fragile, 472 00:43:17,595 --> 00:43:21,224 and therefore fractures with very sharp edges. 473 00:43:21,891 --> 00:43:25,895 So sharp, actually, it was until the 1980s eye surgery performed with obsidian scalpel, 474 00:43:25,978 --> 00:43:30,233 sharper than any steel 475 00:43:30,316 --> 00:43:32,360 476 00:43:34,695 --> 00:43:39,992 This amazing material has attracted attention from ancient humans to this landscape as far as hominids a million years ago. 477 00:43:40,076 --> 00:43:43,913 On this site, a team of paleontologists 478 00:43:46,791 --> 00:43:50,002 is extracting artifacts and remnants of from our direct ancestors, 479 00:43:50,086 --> 00:43:54,841 Homo sapiens first, 480 00:43:54,924 --> 00:43:56,968 that appeared in this area 100,000 years ago. 481 00:43:57,051 --> 00:44:01,097 The amazing thing for me is the fact that the body was found 482 00:44:04,016 --> 00:44:08,146 almost directly on the surface. 483 00:44:08,229 --> 00:44:10,523 And more, why is this place special 484 00:44:10,606 --> 00:44:14,110 and don't go back there where is the goat roaming? 485 00:44:14,193 --> 00:44:17,488 This box appears a tool manufacturing site. 486 00:44:21,659 --> 00:44:25,872 Hundreds of obsidian chips are scattered. 487 00:44:25,955 --> 00:44:29,542 Dr. Jonathan Sahle, an Ethiopian scientist, 488 00:44:30,877 --> 00:44:34,797 have dug up this prehistoric workshop. 489 00:44:34,881 --> 00:44:38,301 490 00:44:39,051 --> 00:44:43,514 And where does your passion come from? How do you fall into this field? 491 00:44:43,598 --> 00:44:48,978 Well, I have - I studied history for my undergraduate degree 492 00:44:49,061 --> 00:44:52,106 And that's when I started falling in love. 493 00:44:52,189 --> 00:44:54,567 So, history isn't deep enough for me. 494 00:44:54,650 --> 00:44:57,987 I want to look further into the past 495 00:44:58,070 --> 00:45:02,617 and find out what it is, really, what makes us human. 496 00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:04,744 We are a very unique species. 497 00:45:04,827 --> 00:45:08,581 On the one hand, we interact and we collaborate 498 00:45:08,664 --> 00:45:12,752 and we work together and we produce, we modify our environment. 499 00:45:12,835 --> 00:45:15,796 But at the same time, we fight and destroy, 500 00:45:15,880 --> 00:45:19,759 and we even become hazards for other species and the planet, 501 00:45:19,842 --> 00:45:21,761 the fate of this planet too. 502 00:45:21,844 --> 00:45:23,763 So, we are a very interesting species. 503 00:45:23,846 --> 00:45:27,183 So, I want to get the root from all this 504 00:45:27,266 --> 00:45:32,730 and see, in time, what is the basis of all this process 505 00:45:34,440 --> 00:45:37,568 We are filtering through human waste 506 00:45:37,652 --> 00:45:40,404 from 50 to 100,000 years ago. 507 00:45:40,488 --> 00:45:45,117 Do you think we have another 100,000 years on planet earth? 508 00:45:45,201 --> 00:45:50,122 I will say that, you know, thousand more years, 509 00:45:50,206 --> 00:45:53,709 we will be in a very critical situation, 510 00:45:53,793 --> 00:45:56,587 and so we have to learn from our mistakes 511 00:45:56,671 --> 00:46:03,219 and we must work to improve ourselves the condition of our planet 512 00:46:03,302 --> 00:46:09,392 so that it can have carrying capacity to allow our species to perpetuate. 513 00:46:10,434 --> 00:46:12,270 If you have a time machine it can go 514 00:46:12,353 --> 00:46:15,106 for only one time period in the past, when is that ? 515 00:46:15,189 --> 00:46:17,984 Precisely this period 516 00:46:18,067 --> 00:46:20,736 because this is... 517 00:46:20,820 --> 00:46:26,826 I believe this is when we start so that it looks like us, um, 518 00:46:26,909 --> 00:46:30,204 and when we, uh, 519 00:46:30,288 --> 00:46:34,667 As a species, um, it starts. 520 00:46:34,750 --> 00:46:39,505 So, this is before we become - 521 00:46:39,588 --> 00:46:42,216 we get different skin colors. 522 00:46:42,299 --> 00:46:46,554 This is before we are acquired different languages 523 00:46:46,637 --> 00:46:50,850 and we spread different geography 524 00:46:50,933 --> 00:46:54,228 So, here I want to be, right in the root 525 00:46:54,312 --> 00:46:58,899 So, I want to express... 526 00:46:58,983 --> 00:47:01,652 uh, my appeal to this land 527 00:47:01,736 --> 00:47:04,196 by kissing it 528 00:47:04,697 --> 00:47:06,157 And here I go. 529 00:47:16,083 --> 00:47:20,755 Tim White Professor from the University of California, Berkeley, 530 00:47:20,838 --> 00:47:22,465 lead the team here 531 00:47:22,548 --> 00:47:28,262 We were immediately captivated by the wild style explaining something. 532 00:47:29,972 --> 00:47:31,640 So, look... 533 00:47:32,808 --> 00:47:34,060 powder. 534 00:47:34,143 --> 00:47:36,896 The wind blows hard, that's a very good item, 535 00:47:36,979 --> 00:47:39,565 it's all floodplains, all mud. 536 00:47:39,648 --> 00:47:43,819 But everything starts from volcanic rock from the highlands, 537 00:47:43,903 --> 00:47:45,279 from the gap margin, 538 00:47:45,362 --> 00:47:49,283 over millions of years, is distributed here, 539 00:47:49,366 --> 00:47:51,619 and redistributed by the Awash River. 540 00:47:51,702 --> 00:47:53,996 If you die today, 541 00:47:54,080 --> 00:47:56,457 Your body will rot on the floodplain 542 00:47:56,540 --> 00:47:59,668 If the hyena doesn't chew all the upper bones, 543 00:47:59,752 --> 00:48:03,672 Next time flooding the river, This soft and glare material 544 00:48:03,756 --> 00:48:05,341 will be brought in, 545 00:48:05,424 --> 00:48:08,385 and it will wrap your bones. 546 00:48:09,136 --> 00:48:10,429 Let's go. 547 00:48:36,372 --> 00:48:41,377 Oh, we will call this Highway Werner Herzog. 548 00:48:42,294 --> 00:48:47,133 And what we do here opens space for cars... 549 00:48:48,551 --> 00:48:53,264 so we can pass it with full crew tomorrow morning... 550 00:48:54,223 --> 00:48:57,017 to return additional pieces from hominids 551 00:48:57,101 --> 00:49:01,522 which we found only up there, on eroded sediments. 552 00:49:01,605 --> 00:49:04,233 So, we want to pull the car as close as we can get 553 00:49:04,316 --> 00:49:06,360 so we can get all the equipment there. 554 00:49:06,444 --> 00:49:10,281 And we will start the extraction process to pull out the hominid. 555 00:49:17,538 --> 00:49:20,583 How lucky we are have arrived now 556 00:49:20,666 --> 00:49:25,379 and have you found this 100,000 human year? 557 00:49:25,462 --> 00:49:27,423 This doesn't happen very often. 558 00:49:27,506 --> 00:49:31,010 These hominid fossils are very, very rare Finding an artifact, it's easier, 559 00:49:31,093 --> 00:49:34,013 because during any hominid period, they can make tens, thousands, 560 00:49:34,096 --> 00:49:37,808 stone calling cards scattered throughout the landscape. 561 00:49:37,892 --> 00:49:41,812 But they only have one skeleton, one tooth. 562 00:49:41,896 --> 00:49:44,440 They only die once. So, think about it. 563 00:49:44,523 --> 00:49:47,234 Acres and hectares of sediment erosion. 564 00:49:47,318 --> 00:49:50,237 How in this world can we find that place 565 00:49:50,321 --> 00:49:52,865 where the bones of dead people come to rest 566 00:49:52,948 --> 00:49:57,161 and arrived right at the time of geology 567 00:49:57,244 --> 00:49:59,872 568 00:49:59,955 --> 00:50:02,333 erosion is carving this sediment comes out, 569 00:50:02,416 --> 00:50:04,501 Exposing this ancient surface, 570 00:50:04,585 --> 00:50:07,087 with monkeys and hippos and other things, 571 00:50:07,171 --> 00:50:09,757 thousands of bones and artifacts entire surface? 572 00:50:09,840 --> 00:50:12,176 And there is one person, one person in the world 573 00:50:12,259 --> 00:50:15,804 If I have to say, "Get that person here on the surface. 574 00:50:15,888 --> 00:50:18,224 He will find the hominid." You know who it is 575 00:50:18,307 --> 00:50:20,851 That's Kampiro Kayrento, 576 00:50:20,935 --> 00:50:23,687 the biggest fossil finder in the world. 577 00:50:25,522 --> 00:50:26,774 Oh 578 00:50:26,857 --> 00:50:28,734 This is Kampiro Kayrento. 579 00:50:28,817 --> 00:50:32,071 He is one of the world experts, if not a world expert. 580 00:50:32,154 --> 00:50:34,448 He's the person I want on an airplane to find something. 581 00:50:34,531 --> 00:50:38,827 He can recognize what an antelope is, what is carnivore, 582 00:50:38,911 --> 00:50:42,915 what is fish, what is baboon, what is zebra, 583 00:50:42,998 --> 00:50:46,752 what is a giraffe, is that a rhinoceros He has all that. 584 00:50:46,835 --> 00:50:49,547 Not from all animals, because you have never found an entire animal. 585 00:50:49,630 --> 00:50:53,133 You find animal pieces, pieces of animal bones. 586 00:50:53,217 --> 00:50:54,802 He knows who they are. 587 00:51:00,516 --> 00:51:01,559 What do you have, Tim? 588 00:51:01,642 --> 00:51:03,519 More pieces for puzzles. 589 00:51:04,353 --> 00:51:08,399 Cranial dome pieces, have just come out of the ground 590 00:51:08,482 --> 00:51:11,735 That needs to be sprayed. 591 00:51:11,819 --> 00:51:14,238 This bone is maintained beautifully, 592 00:51:14,321 --> 00:51:17,658 really silicification, really fossil. 593 00:51:18,409 --> 00:51:22,204 So, we have now a number of different elements. 594 00:51:22,288 --> 00:51:29,086 The most diagnostic and important, finally, this one here, 595 00:51:29,169 --> 00:51:32,965 the... the top... 596 00:51:34,008 --> 00:51:37,219 from left orbit. 597 00:51:37,303 --> 00:51:40,055 So to sort of place it in Clive & apos; s head... 598 00:51:43,767 --> 00:51:46,395 -Where? -The other side. This is it. 599 00:51:46,478 --> 00:51:47,604 Good. 600 00:51:47,688 --> 00:51:52,192 I look into the eyes of Paleolithic hominids living here. 601 00:51:53,652 --> 00:51:56,322 So, that's three dimensions picture puzzles 602 00:52:01,785 --> 00:52:05,039 Yes, no one will argue that the two pieces fit together. 603 00:52:05,122 --> 00:52:06,457 That's perfect. 604 00:52:06,540 --> 00:52:09,585 In evolutionary terms, here is in Awash Tengah, 605 00:52:09,668 --> 00:52:12,296 We have a value of six million years from stone. 606 00:52:12,379 --> 00:52:17,176 The ones at the bottom have the initial small-brained biped. 607 00:52:17,259 --> 00:52:20,012 This is close to the top of succession 608 00:52:20,095 --> 00:52:22,389 It's much more like you and me. 609 00:52:22,473 --> 00:52:25,100 They have a chin, vertical forehead. 610 00:52:25,184 --> 00:52:29,563 We still have a lot to learn about them, but it is important for humanity 611 00:52:29,647 --> 00:52:33,859 is that this is the right time, 100,000 years ago, 612 00:52:33,942 --> 00:52:36,820 and the right place, Africa, 613 00:52:36,904 --> 00:52:39,657 according to archeology and genetic evidence... 614 00:52:40,783 --> 00:52:44,328 to know people who are people 615 00:52:44,411 --> 00:52:48,582 that develops from Africa to Asia, 616 00:52:48,666 --> 00:52:51,085 to Europe, and then outside. 617 00:52:53,045 --> 00:52:56,423 While these people live here in tropical Africa, 618 00:52:56,507 --> 00:52:59,760 eat on hippos, Europeans are locked under ice. 619 00:53:05,474 --> 00:53:08,644 Let's get more pieces. Are we ready to rock & nos; n & apos; roll? 620 00:53:08,727 --> 00:53:09,937 Come on brush. 621 00:53:11,563 --> 00:53:15,275 We have taken all surface-exposed bones from the surface. 622 00:53:15,359 --> 00:53:18,779 We suspect there will be sub-surface bone here. 623 00:53:18,862 --> 00:53:22,241 We have maximized what we think, 624 00:53:22,324 --> 00:53:27,079 and now that's a problem go to the casino 625 00:53:27,162 --> 00:53:28,914 and rotate dice 626 00:53:28,997 --> 00:53:33,001 and hope we will get some good human anatomy, 627 00:53:33,085 --> 00:53:36,171 fossils for 100,000 years, out of this unit 628 00:53:36,255 --> 00:53:38,715 We will only brush and find bones. 629 00:53:38,799 --> 00:53:41,760 Whoa! There is a piece of bone there. 630 00:53:41,844 --> 00:53:44,680 That is not recognizable, but may join the others 631 00:53:44,763 --> 00:53:47,516 and become recognizable. So, it's the keeper. 632 00:53:47,599 --> 00:53:49,726 Every part of the bone is a guard. 633 00:53:57,109 --> 00:53:57,985 See the part? 634 00:54:08,579 --> 00:54:10,372 So, it is the stem of the extremity bone. 635 00:54:10,456 --> 00:54:12,541 I can't tell which limb bone. This is one of three. 636 00:54:12,624 --> 00:54:15,169 This is the tibia, humerus or femur. 637 00:54:16,587 --> 00:54:20,299 We start. That is a good shaft piece. 638 00:54:20,382 --> 00:54:23,218 Again, this is tibia - This is one big long bone. 639 00:54:23,302 --> 00:54:25,471 This is this one, this one or that one. 640 00:54:26,847 --> 00:54:30,309 You can see these things - they really turn into stones. 641 00:54:30,392 --> 00:54:32,436 They are really fossils, 642 00:54:32,519 --> 00:54:35,272 so they are fragile. 643 00:54:35,355 --> 00:54:38,942 And when erosion comes and confronts them, 644 00:54:39,026 --> 00:54:40,652 they have just been destroyed 645 00:54:40,736 --> 00:54:43,864 So, we have to be careful to get all the broken pieces 646 00:54:43,947 --> 00:54:48,243 My skeleton has 206 bones. Same with this person. 647 00:54:48,327 --> 00:54:49,453 They are human. 648 00:54:49,995 --> 00:54:54,416 But now we are looking for literally 4 maybe 4,000 649 00:54:54,500 --> 00:54:57,586 because all those bones each fall apart. 650 00:54:57,669 --> 00:55:00,214 I can already see something that discriminates against you and me, 651 00:55:00,297 --> 00:55:02,257 which one, we are already here the same amount of time 652 00:55:02,341 --> 00:55:04,718 You have issued half a dozen from this bone fragment. 653 00:55:04,801 --> 00:55:06,094 I haven't found anything yet. 654 00:55:06,178 --> 00:55:10,265 Obviously there is expertise that goes with this business. 655 00:55:10,349 --> 00:55:12,226 But the biggest thing about the game 656 00:55:12,309 --> 00:55:15,562 is a combination of skills and luck 657 00:55:15,646 --> 00:55:17,022 Like Las Vegas. 658 00:55:17,898 --> 00:55:21,485 Viva Las Vegas! 659 00:55:21,568 --> 00:55:23,445 Courtesy of Bizayu. 660 00:55:23,529 --> 00:55:28,075 Bizayu! Have a shaft of limb bone. Thank you. 661 00:55:29,618 --> 00:55:31,203 What's wrong there, Clive? 662 00:55:33,497 --> 00:55:35,499 -Ohh! -Ohh! 663 00:55:38,502 --> 00:55:40,170 What 664 00:55:41,505 --> 00:55:43,715 Take a look! 665 00:55:44,675 --> 00:55:45,843 Clive. 666 00:55:48,428 --> 00:55:50,222 Where is it located? 667 00:55:50,305 --> 00:55:54,268 Take a look. This is the distal humerus. 668 00:55:54,351 --> 00:55:55,936 Clear hominids. 669 00:55:56,520 --> 00:56:02,317 When it's down from the upper arm bone. 670 00:56:02,401 --> 00:56:04,945 So if we have to put this in our anatomy, 671 00:56:05,028 --> 00:56:07,489 We have prepared it like that. 672 00:56:07,573 --> 00:56:10,450 I know, Tim, I hold the wrong brush. 673 00:56:10,534 --> 00:56:12,995 There must be something wrong with my technique 674 00:56:13,078 --> 00:56:15,497 Come on, Clive, move to a hot place there. 675 00:56:15,581 --> 00:56:17,457 I moved K.K. outside. This is your chance 676 00:56:17,541 --> 00:56:20,002 -You don't think it's too hot for me? -This is your chance 677 00:56:20,085 --> 00:56:22,504 You must enter here, man. This person found everything. 678 00:56:22,588 --> 00:56:24,006 I was there. 679 00:56:25,549 --> 00:56:26,967 He planted it. 680 00:56:28,385 --> 00:56:30,262 That's just to make me look bad, right? 681 00:56:31,179 --> 00:56:33,265 -I will hold on to volcanology. -Brush, man, brush! 682 00:56:33,348 --> 00:56:34,933 He will lose this race. 683 00:56:36,226 --> 00:56:39,354 Piece by piece after piece by piece 684 00:56:39,438 --> 00:56:41,565 Maybe we will get everything back together again 685 00:56:42,190 --> 00:56:45,485 If we are lucky. If Clive only finds something! 686 00:56:46,194 --> 00:56:47,905 -I won't give up. - Come on, Clive. 687 00:57:00,167 --> 00:57:02,002 Huh? Seeing... 688 00:57:04,880 --> 00:57:06,757 Whoa, whoa, whoa. 689 00:57:06,840 --> 00:57:09,926 Whoa! Bingo! 690 00:57:10,552 --> 00:57:13,138 - Is that human? - Yeah. 691 00:57:13,221 --> 00:57:15,933 Alright! He understands. 692 00:57:16,767 --> 00:57:18,727 Clive Score! 693 00:57:19,811 --> 00:57:22,064 It's a relief. 694 00:57:25,108 --> 00:57:27,194 Just come out of dirt, 695 00:57:27,277 --> 00:57:29,529 Where it has been 100,000 years, maybe. 696 00:57:31,156 --> 00:57:35,577 A small piece of my direct ancestor, possible. 697 00:57:38,121 --> 00:57:41,959 This is quite heavy. It's, uh, fossil. 698 00:57:47,923 --> 00:57:50,842 One framework from Kenya. 699 00:57:52,219 --> 00:57:54,805 One frame of two meters, 700 00:57:54,888 --> 00:57:58,100 500 meters, in Middle Awash. 701 00:57:58,892 --> 00:58:00,227 And this one. 702 00:58:00,310 --> 00:58:06,650 That's how rarely the skeleton is even some of the human ancestors 703 00:58:06,733 --> 00:58:08,318 in that time interval. 704 00:58:08,402 --> 00:58:10,654 Just sweep the first surface, 705 00:58:10,737 --> 00:58:15,033 we might have 30 more pieces from this individual, 706 00:58:15,117 --> 00:58:19,287 and all of this comes out about 30 minutes 707 00:58:19,371 --> 00:58:21,456 just sweep 708 00:58:21,540 --> 00:58:25,293 Like this stack we have burned go through the filter, 709 00:58:25,377 --> 00:58:27,963 we will have a bunch of other bone pieces 710 00:58:28,046 --> 00:58:31,758 that escapes from brushing teeth but will not be separated from our filter. 711 00:58:31,842 --> 00:58:35,303 Hopefully, we will see a skull formed, 712 00:58:35,387 --> 00:58:38,181 and we will know this person's anatomy. 713 00:58:38,515 --> 00:58:40,976 I just - How great is the cornucopia 714 00:58:41,059 --> 00:58:43,645 for half an hour of work with safety and brush. 715 00:58:43,729 --> 00:58:46,606 It's just - just sensational. 716 00:58:46,690 --> 00:58:49,609 One in three in Africa ever recovered 717 00:58:50,819 --> 00:58:52,612 The time is very good. 718 00:58:56,616 --> 00:58:57,993 What? Wait a minute. 719 00:58:58,076 --> 00:59:00,370 There is a Konso dance that takes place here in the background. 720 00:59:00,454 --> 00:59:02,956 -It will be good. -It will be good. 721 00:59:03,040 --> 00:59:06,626 -Moya! -Moya means, in Afarinia, "head." 722 00:59:10,380 --> 00:59:12,215 Have moya. 723 00:59:12,299 --> 00:59:13,800 What 724 00:59:13,884 --> 00:59:15,510 We have moya! 725 00:59:22,225 --> 00:59:24,144 Extraction starts. 726 00:59:24,811 --> 00:59:27,606 This fragment is very important, 727 00:59:27,689 --> 00:59:30,108 because it is part of the skull. 728 00:59:30,192 --> 00:59:33,153 It's time for Shakespeare's moments, maybe, 729 00:59:33,236 --> 00:59:39,284 to soliloquize on... my ancestors inside. 730 00:59:42,412 --> 00:59:44,122 I can see the curvature. 731 00:59:44,998 --> 00:59:47,042 This is the biggest part we have so far. 732 00:59:51,463 --> 00:59:55,467 When dusk comes, We walk towards the volcano. 733 00:59:57,803 --> 01:00:00,263 Look into magma at night, 734 01:00:00,347 --> 01:00:04,684 the inside of our planet reveals its strange beauty. 735 01:01:17,966 --> 01:01:20,177 Compared to Ethiopia, 736 01:01:20,260 --> 01:01:23,638 Icelandic history is just a blip in time. 737 01:01:24,306 --> 01:01:27,017 Less than 1,200 years ago, 738 01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:29,352 it was resolved by the people of Norsemen. 739 01:01:31,938 --> 01:01:34,107 All Iceland is volcanic, 740 01:01:34,191 --> 01:01:37,611 including the Westman Islands to the south. 741 01:01:38,862 --> 01:01:42,032 I don't know where, in the morning 742 01:01:42,115 --> 01:01:45,702 January 23, 1973, 743 01:01:45,785 --> 01:01:47,579 an open fire trench 744 01:01:47,662 --> 01:01:50,749 right on the edge from the city of Heimaey. 745 01:01:52,626 --> 01:01:57,339 The eruption occurred without the previous warning sign. 746 01:02:51,559 --> 01:02:55,855 As bad as it seems, no one lost their lives here 747 01:02:55,939 --> 01:02:59,067 Fleet fishing has just returned to port 748 01:02:59,150 --> 01:03:01,945 and save many of its inhabitants. 749 01:03:07,951 --> 01:03:10,161 Forty years after the event, 750 01:03:10,245 --> 01:03:12,914 Clive Oppenheimer takes us here. 751 01:03:12,998 --> 01:03:15,208 The grass has grown again, 752 01:03:15,292 --> 01:03:18,253 and there is still a curtain in the window. 753 01:03:20,422 --> 01:03:23,800 But Heimaey is hardly an isolated program 754 01:03:23,883 --> 01:03:28,596 No season passes in Iceland without eruption 755 01:03:36,813 --> 01:03:39,482 This event took place in 2010 756 01:03:39,566 --> 01:03:45,488 and is remembered as ash cloud then air traffic that paralyzes for weeks. 757 01:03:46,364 --> 01:03:49,117 Very fast, the heat from the eruption 758 01:03:49,200 --> 01:03:52,954 melting the thick ice sheet on the mountain, 759 01:03:53,038 --> 01:03:55,165 creates a big flood. 760 01:04:47,425 --> 01:04:50,637 But this big event is nothing 761 01:04:50,720 --> 01:04:53,932 compared to previous eruptions in Iceland 762 01:04:54,015 --> 01:04:58,686 This area is the site of what is called male eruption. 763 01:04:59,229 --> 01:05:02,607 Starting on June 8, 1783, 764 01:05:02,690 --> 01:05:06,361 all of these scenes explode into flames 765 01:05:06,444 --> 01:05:11,032 as far as the eye can see, from the horizon to the horizon 766 01:05:23,420 --> 01:05:25,880 Liquid rock rises to the surface 767 01:05:25,964 --> 01:05:29,509 and open rent a gap of 27 kilometers 768 01:05:29,592 --> 01:05:35,390 which stretches in this direction for something like half of that distance. 769 01:05:36,683 --> 01:05:40,645 Overall, around 140 active ventilation, 770 01:05:40,728 --> 01:05:46,192 build a cone above them with a fire fountain rising into the air. 771 01:05:47,110 --> 01:05:52,157 And after a few months, the gap is opened in this direction, 772 01:05:52,240 --> 01:05:55,243 again, another 13, 14 kilometers or more. 773 01:05:56,202 --> 01:05:59,122 And a few dozen other vents open, 774 01:05:59,205 --> 01:06:03,042 and they spit out lava to our northeast. 775 01:06:03,126 --> 01:06:06,546 Everything we see now has been set in stone. 776 01:06:06,629 --> 01:06:11,050 Lava has hardened and froze. But if we are here at that time, 777 01:06:11,134 --> 01:06:14,888 we must have seen a burst of fire, fire fountain, 778 01:06:14,971 --> 01:06:18,558 up one kilometer and half into the air 779 01:06:18,641 --> 01:06:21,644 and then flow down to the ground again 780 01:06:21,728 --> 01:06:26,524 And that builds a cone, as we are living now. 781 01:06:27,108 --> 01:06:28,818 And from the bottom of this cone, 782 01:06:28,902 --> 01:06:31,529 lahar spurts out at a phenomenal level. 783 01:06:31,613 --> 01:06:34,240 This lava is very, very hot, very, very liquid, 784 01:06:34,324 --> 01:06:36,409 and it's pouring valleys, 785 01:06:36,493 --> 01:06:40,455 fill them into depths of 100, 150 meters. 786 01:06:53,551 --> 01:06:55,803 This ancient event 787 01:06:55,887 --> 01:07:01,226 affects the sense of mythical poetry from Icelandic people 788 01:07:01,309 --> 01:07:05,605 There is a text that defines people's enthusiasm. 789 01:07:05,939 --> 01:07:08,608 That is only in one manuscript. 790 01:07:08,691 --> 01:07:14,906 For Iceland, it's as important as _ like the Dead Sea Scrolls for Israel. 791 01:07:15,615 --> 01:07:19,452 The Codex is given as a gift to the Danish king 792 01:07:19,536 --> 01:07:23,081 by a bishop Icelandic in the 17th century. 793 01:07:23,164 --> 01:07:27,919 Codex Kingdom, or Codex Regius. 794 01:07:28,378 --> 01:07:32,966 In 1971, Denmark returned it to Iceland. 795 01:07:33,049 --> 01:07:36,719 Knowing that it is formed the soul of the country, 796 01:07:36,803 --> 01:07:40,473 the codex is placed on the biggest warship in Denmark and escorted by the entire fleet. 797 01:07:40,557 --> 01:07:43,184 No amount of money in the world will be enough 798 01:07:43,268 --> 01:07:46,396 to buy this manuscript from Iceland, 799 01:07:46,479 --> 01:07:49,440 800 01:07:49,524 --> 01:07:53,695 Although it is battered and tangle and full of holes. 801 01:07:56,656 --> 01:08:00,451 In the opening section, called "Prophecy about Allowance," 802 01:08:00,535 --> 01:08:05,623 there is an apocalyptic vision from the end of the pagan gods. 803 01:08:05,707 --> 01:08:09,252 This seems to describe _ a very large volcanic event. 804 01:08:11,087 --> 01:08:15,925 "& apos; On the edge of the sea, the land sinks, the sun is dimmeth, 805 01:08:16,009 --> 01:08:19,554 from the sky falls the star of light and light; 806 01:08:20,221 --> 01:08:23,933 gusheth, vapor and fire, gutting, who slides 807 01:08:24,017 --> 01:08:28,021 The fate I understand, but furthermore I see: 808 01:08:29,606 --> 01:08:33,776 of the great gods dooms that hit 809 01:08:33,860 --> 01:08:37,363 Come the dark dragon fly, 810 01:08:39,032 --> 01:08:41,909 Níthhogg, up from Nitha Fells. 811 01:08:41,993 --> 01:08:46,664 He bears his fist as the plain he likes, 812 01:08:46,748 --> 01:08:51,711 Now he will sink. " 813 01:08:51,794 --> 01:08:55,381 814 01:10:02,323 --> 01:10:05,451 Right on the border with China lies a volcano 815 01:10:05,535 --> 01:10:08,705 in the Democratic People's Republic of from Korea, 816 01:10:08,788 --> 01:10:11,666 better known in the West as North Korea. 817 01:10:11,749 --> 01:10:15,712 It's not active for more than 1,000 years, 818 01:10:15,795 --> 01:10:19,757 But it plays a big role in the imagination of the people. 819 01:10:21,134 --> 01:10:24,804 For thousands of years, it's considered birthplace of myths 820 01:10:24,887 --> 01:10:26,889 from the Korean nation. 821 01:10:26,973 --> 01:10:31,269 Today, the _ socialist government co-opts this myth. 822 01:10:32,854 --> 01:10:35,481 This is a pilgrimage site. 823 01:10:36,649 --> 01:10:42,572 From the fog, we see a formation Men in uniform with flags appear. 824 01:10:42,655 --> 01:10:44,574 We believe they are soldiers, 825 01:10:44,657 --> 01:10:47,827 but apparently they are students 826 01:10:47,910 --> 01:10:52,123 come to rejoice in the power coming from this place. 827 01:11:13,060 --> 01:11:16,272 And now they sing in praising Mount Paektu. 828 01:11:34,165 --> 01:11:37,168 Everything is different in North Korea. 829 01:11:37,251 --> 01:11:41,547 Imagine if this was an student on a campus in California. 830 01:12:26,259 --> 01:12:30,054 Unique opportunities present themselves to us. 831 01:12:30,137 --> 01:12:33,140 Countries that barely hold open the door 832 01:12:33,224 --> 01:12:35,518 for a scientific program with 833 01:12:35,601 --> 01:12:40,815 between Cambridge University and North Korean volcanologist. 834 01:12:40,898 --> 01:12:44,443 So we were invited to shoot there. 835 01:12:51,492 --> 01:12:55,037 But all we see is an act of presentation, 836 01:12:55,121 --> 01:12:56,873 and we do it. 837 01:12:56,956 --> 01:13:00,376 There is no other way to see this enigmatic country 838 01:13:00,459 --> 01:13:03,754 other than what he wants to display himself. 839 01:13:05,006 --> 01:13:09,552 In propaganda films often seen on North Korean television, 840 01:13:09,635 --> 01:13:14,432 images display monumental and strong emotions, 841 01:14:08,611 --> 01:14:12,114 One amazing thing and I am very conscious when working here 842 01:14:12,198 --> 01:14:14,200 is the purity of this mountain. 843 01:14:14,283 --> 01:14:18,496 It has a very long history, will return 5,000 years, 844 01:14:18,579 --> 01:14:23,584 as the birthplace of myths Koreans from this volcano. 845 01:14:23,918 --> 01:14:27,171 And through the medieval period and in a more modern period, 846 01:14:27,254 --> 01:14:29,882 this is a holy mountain from revolution, 847 01:14:29,966 --> 01:14:32,885 where the struggle was fought against the Japanese occupation 848 01:14:32,969 --> 01:14:34,553 70 years ago. 849 01:14:34,637 --> 01:14:39,308 And mountain spirit is in all Koreans, 850 01:14:39,392 --> 01:14:42,561 and this is something very, very special about this place 851 01:14:44,480 --> 01:14:48,109 Looks like we're calm boat trips in the Norwegian fjord, 852 01:14:50,277 --> 01:14:53,572 from what is most monumental volcanic eruption 853 01:14:53,656 --> 01:14:57,118 almost 1,100 years ago, what is called the Millennium Eruption 854 01:14:57,868 --> 01:15:00,454 Crater here about three miles. 855 01:15:00,538 --> 01:15:03,874 And actually these cliffs are part from the edge of the crater, 856 01:15:07,044 --> 01:15:09,505 The number of pumice that comes out in the eruption 857 01:15:09,588 --> 01:15:11,757 will be enough to bury the entire city of New York. 858 01:15:11,841 --> 01:15:14,927 Only the tallest building will come out from above. 859 01:15:15,011 --> 01:15:17,930 On the one hand, if you see a crater surround us 860 01:15:18,014 --> 01:15:21,559 and imagine that there are cones built above our heads, 861 01:15:27,064 --> 01:15:29,233 and pumice and lava. 862 01:15:32,903 --> 01:15:36,115 it is in the part of China, it is in Russia, 863 01:15:36,198 --> 01:15:39,744 and there are even about three inches of ash 864 01:15:51,380 --> 01:15:52,673 around the mountain, 865 01:15:56,802 --> 01:15:59,972 and is there possible reawakening sign 866 01:16:01,932 --> 01:16:03,392 In recent years, 867 01:16:03,476 --> 01:16:06,103 we have built a really strong and unique collaboration 868 01:16:06,187 --> 01:16:08,022 with scientists from Pyongyang 869 01:16:08,105 --> 01:16:10,357 who have worked here for 10, 20 years, 870 01:16:10,441 --> 01:16:14,361 so they have very detailed knowledge from the structure of the volcano. 871 01:16:14,445 --> 01:16:16,322 So, we have learned a lot from them. 872 01:16:16,405 --> 01:16:20,576 It is very difficult for scientists here to attend international conferences, 873 01:16:20,659 --> 01:16:24,080 so we really share our experience and expertise 874 01:16:24,163 --> 01:16:26,582 to better understand this volcano. 875 01:16:26,665 --> 01:16:28,292 So, two years of data. 876 01:16:28,375 --> 01:16:31,378 Yes, we have collected two years of seismic data. 877 01:16:31,462 --> 01:16:35,132 Uh, that's quite extraordinary. Um... 878 01:16:35,216 --> 01:16:40,221 And the seismometer sitting here will record all earthquakes. 879 01:16:40,304 --> 01:16:44,266 It looks like a paint pot is connected to a laptop, 880 01:16:44,350 --> 01:16:47,853 but it's recorded this unique data service, 881 01:16:47,937 --> 01:16:49,480 so it's really something 882 01:16:49,563 --> 01:16:51,357 Looks can be deceiving. 883 01:16:51,440 --> 01:16:56,862 This is a very sensitive instrument there. 884 01:16:56,946 --> 01:17:01,158 So, that's a note, you know, um, it's just a small movement. 885 01:17:01,242 --> 01:17:04,787 Even we walk around here will create noise. 886 01:17:04,870 --> 01:17:06,997 So, this is Mr. Yun Yong-Gun. 887 01:17:07,081 --> 01:17:10,668 He is the deputy director of the of Earthquake Administration 888 01:17:10,751 --> 01:17:15,256 and type DPRK side from project 889 01:17:24,140 --> 01:17:28,185 Earthquake Administration Democratic People's Republic of Korea 890 01:17:28,269 --> 01:17:33,107 give special attention to this project international joint research 891 01:17:46,078 --> 01:17:49,039 Very important to be given to this mountain 892 01:17:49,123 --> 01:17:53,085 just because around this mountain, our great leader President Kim Il-sung 893 01:17:53,169 --> 01:17:55,963 fight against Japanese imperialism. 894 01:17:57,715 --> 01:18:00,092 Kim Il-sung, founder father 895 01:18:00,176 --> 01:18:02,553 from a communist country of North Korea, 896 01:18:02,636 --> 01:18:05,764 utilize the myth of the volcano. 897 01:18:06,640 --> 01:18:09,727 He established his secret military headquarters 898 01:18:09,810 --> 01:18:13,105 in the forest here at the foot of the mountain, 899 01:18:13,189 --> 01:18:18,235 so that it transfers its power and dynamics into the revolution. 900 01:18:22,698 --> 01:18:26,702 This monument is the gateway to the holy land. 901 01:18:47,556 --> 01:18:50,809 The carving of this group is about the life of the guerrilla campers 902 01:18:50,893 --> 01:18:52,311 at Chongbong Camp. 903 01:18:53,270 --> 01:18:55,981 They are very moved to put their feet 904 01:18:56,065 --> 01:18:59,735 the first time in the country, and they cannot sleep. 905 01:19:01,654 --> 01:19:04,114 You can see there are female guerrillas 906 01:19:04,198 --> 01:19:07,826 who now sews the buttons for clothes. 907 01:19:11,538 --> 01:19:15,376 A little guerrilla is now dreaming about returning home 908 01:19:15,459 --> 01:19:17,378 after the release of their country, 909 01:19:17,461 --> 01:19:21,966 and one of the guerrillas is now playing pipe 910 01:19:23,926 --> 01:19:29,265 The guerrillas now rejoice over the view of Mount Paektu. 911 01:19:31,308 --> 01:19:34,061 From July 21, 1979, 912 01:19:34,144 --> 01:19:37,231 our great leader Generalissimo Kim Jong-il 913 01:19:37,314 --> 01:19:40,901 come to this place and highly appreciated 914 01:19:44,238 --> 01:19:46,031 very illustrated. 915 01:19:59,503 --> 01:20:03,299 This is the biggest lake, number one. 916 01:20:03,382 --> 01:20:06,051 And there we have lake number two And a little further, We have lake number three. 917 01:20:07,761 --> 01:20:10,931 918 01:20:12,057 --> 01:20:18,147 When our great leader Generalissimo Kim Jong-il came here in March 2003, 919 01:20:18,230 --> 01:20:21,233 he really appreciates the beauty of this tree. 920 01:20:38,125 --> 01:20:42,254 This is a mural mosaic painting Glory February. 921 01:20:51,555 --> 01:20:54,933 Mural paintings represent Great leader President Kim Il-sung 922 01:20:55,017 --> 01:20:57,686 and anti-Japanese hero Kim Jong-suk, 923 01:20:57,770 --> 01:21:00,647 who are celebrating it the birthday of their first birth 924 01:21:00,731 --> 01:21:02,941 great leader Kim Jong-il. 925 01:21:07,321 --> 01:21:11,367 And here, the log of Kim Il-sung's secret cabin. 926 01:21:11,450 --> 01:21:14,286 Daily, thousands of people do their pilgrimage 927 01:21:14,370 --> 01:21:16,205 to this simple place 928 01:21:18,415 --> 01:21:23,253 In the Christian world, this will happen like visiting Jesus' birthplace, 929 01:21:23,337 --> 01:21:25,255 cage in Bethlehem. 930 01:21:28,634 --> 01:21:30,052 For North Korea... 931 01:21:30,803 --> 01:21:34,598 the founding father of their revolution is still alive 932 01:21:35,557 --> 01:21:38,519 Kim Il-sung became the nation's president, 933 01:21:38,602 --> 01:21:40,938 and then the president for life. 934 01:21:41,021 --> 01:21:45,859 After his death, he was declared president for good. 935 01:21:52,991 --> 01:21:58,038 Propaganda appears to create a quasi-religious experience. 936 01:22:01,625 --> 01:22:05,003 Actually, life in a secret camp at that time 937 01:22:05,087 --> 01:22:08,132 very difficult that they have no blankets at all. 938 01:22:08,215 --> 01:22:12,886 That is why guerrilla soldiers, collect their wads pad 939 01:22:12,970 --> 01:22:15,305 of their own soft clothes, 940 01:22:15,389 --> 01:22:20,185 and then make the blanket for our dear Kim Jong-il. 941 01:22:25,983 --> 01:22:29,236 Birthplace of the socialist revolution 942 01:22:29,319 --> 01:22:32,239 manifests itself in collective formation 943 01:22:32,322 --> 01:22:34,032 from North Korea. 944 01:22:36,160 --> 01:22:38,662 In the country's biggest stadium, 945 01:22:38,745 --> 01:22:44,877 more than 100,000 people participate in creating unique art forms. 946 01:22:47,337 --> 01:22:50,841 Pictures of huts in snow not paintings 947 01:22:50,924 --> 01:22:53,510 This is made of human pixels. 948 01:22:54,803 --> 01:22:57,139 And this is how it's done. 949 01:22:57,222 --> 01:23:03,103 Pre-arranged color card patterns are held and reversed in harmony. 950 01:23:06,356 --> 01:23:11,028 Here, the sun rises above the landscape Gunung Paektu. 951 01:23:31,256 --> 01:23:34,510 And here, father and son from revolution 952 01:23:36,094 --> 01:23:39,264 All of this looks like a cosmic metaphor 953 01:23:39,348 --> 01:23:42,601 for society in harmony in a unified pattern 954 01:23:42,684 --> 01:23:45,103 behind the same ideology. 955 01:24:06,166 --> 01:24:09,002 But in all this mass display, 956 01:24:09,086 --> 01:24:12,839 I find the underlying vacuum and loneliness. 957 01:24:25,060 --> 01:24:31,358 Because of North Korea's ideology political and economic independence, 958 01:24:31,441 --> 01:24:35,153 and because of international sanctions, 959 01:24:35,237 --> 01:24:37,114 this country is unique 960 01:24:37,823 --> 01:24:41,243 The population in general has very limited contacts with the outside world. 961 01:24:41,326 --> 01:24:43,412 There are no international telephone lines or internet is available to the public, 962 01:24:43,495 --> 01:24:48,375 963 01:24:48,458 --> 01:24:52,504 there is no radio or television from the outside world. 964 01:24:53,505 --> 01:24:56,425 For our eyes, Strange to see people 965 01:24:56,508 --> 01:24:59,052 not fixated on their cellphone. 966 01:25:00,512 --> 01:25:02,806 There are no ads anywhere. 967 01:25:02,889 --> 01:25:06,560 Instead, is only propaganda that is always there. 968 01:25:07,644 --> 01:25:09,730 There are no newsstands, 969 01:25:09,813 --> 01:25:13,025 only official party newspapers on the screen. 970 01:26:03,825 --> 01:26:07,412 In the subway, on the streets, almost everywhere, 971 01:26:07,496 --> 01:26:12,876 You will find pictures of leaders, always around the volcano. 972 01:26:19,675 --> 01:26:24,763 Back to the mountains, we speak to historians assigned to us. 973 01:26:26,056 --> 01:26:29,685 We ask about the photos and the right location 974 01:26:29,768 --> 01:26:31,937 from where they have been taken 975 01:26:32,020 --> 01:26:36,066 He might be standing right in that place you stand now 976 01:26:48,161 --> 01:26:50,956 Not this place, but up there at Puncak Janggun. 977 01:26:51,039 --> 01:26:53,875 Yes. They are famous photos. We know them. 978 01:26:55,961 --> 01:27:00,298 About this monument, does it date back to what time, roughly? 979 01:27:10,726 --> 01:27:13,729 This originated in the early 20th century. 980 01:27:13,812 --> 01:27:19,443 It was founded by heavenly people living around this area 981 01:27:19,526 --> 01:27:22,195 And according to the inscription on the monument, 982 01:27:22,279 --> 01:27:25,574 They pray to Mount Paektu and Lake Chon here 983 01:27:25,657 --> 01:27:28,618 to give birth to a prominent person 984 01:27:28,702 --> 01:27:33,331 Who can give prosperity and happiness to the Korean nation. 985 01:27:33,415 --> 01:27:36,001 And that person materializes? 986 01:27:40,839 --> 01:27:42,174 You are right. 987 01:27:42,924 --> 01:27:47,137 This sad nation is saved and saved 988 01:27:47,220 --> 01:27:52,309 only with our great leader, without fear of patriot Kim Il-sung, 989 01:27:52,392 --> 01:27:54,853 who are fighting against Japanese imperialists And how do you feel, as a historian, 990 01:27:54,936 --> 01:27:57,814 with thousands of years ago behind you, 991 01:27:57,898 --> 01:28:01,234 992 01:28:01,318 --> 01:28:05,655 how do you feel personally? Is there pride? Is there patriotism? 993 01:28:06,740 --> 01:28:07,741 Eh... 994 01:28:13,205 --> 01:28:16,833 My question is intended to get a personal response 995 01:28:16,917 --> 01:28:20,879 However, personal opinion Looks like we are mirror images 996 01:28:20,962 --> 01:28:25,509 from omnipotent ideologies from their people and leadership. 997 01:28:28,804 --> 01:28:32,390 All Koreans Often climb this mountain, 998 01:28:32,474 --> 01:28:36,228 but every time they climb this mountain, 999 01:28:36,311 --> 01:28:39,105 they have new feelings, serious feelings, 1000 01:28:39,189 --> 01:28:42,901 and at the same time, they make a new determination 1001 01:28:42,984 --> 01:28:46,404 to work harder for the country with patriotism 1002 01:28:46,488 --> 01:28:50,492 And all Koreans are now singing the song 1003 01:28:50,575 --> 01:28:54,704 whose title is "Let's Go to Mount Paektu." 1004 01:28:54,788 --> 01:28:59,584 And that clearly reflects the spirit of Korean people. 1005 01:30:38,183 --> 01:30:40,644 We are back now where we started, 1006 01:30:40,727 --> 01:30:43,355 Islands of Vanuatu, 1007 01:30:43,438 --> 01:30:46,775 This time on Tanna Island in the south. 1008 01:30:47,776 --> 01:30:51,863 There are active volcanoes here, Gunung Yasur. 1009 01:33:07,582 --> 01:33:12,462 Similar to North Korea, This volcano has created a new god. 1010 01:33:12,545 --> 01:33:15,673 John Frum, 1011 01:33:15,757 --> 01:33:20,345 the mystical American G.I. who descends from the cloud. 1012 01:33:22,180 --> 01:33:26,101 Every Friday night, the islanders celebrate their cult. 1013 01:34:30,874 --> 01:34:33,710 Ishak's head from John Frum's village 1014 01:34:33,793 --> 01:34:37,672 strict control of dogma from new faith. 1015 01:34:37,755 --> 01:34:42,176 Different denominations and even splits in the church 1016 01:34:42,260 --> 01:34:44,846 seems to have materialized, 1017 01:34:44,929 --> 01:34:48,683 and so we are only allowed to talk to him and his child. 1018 01:34:50,768 --> 01:34:55,899 He flies Stars and Stripes because John Frum is an American 1019 01:34:55,982 --> 01:35:01,404 who promise to return with excessive consumer goods cargo. 1020 01:35:03,781 --> 01:35:08,286 I understand that John Frum Will one day appear to everyone 1021 01:35:08,369 --> 01:35:11,456 and that he will bring many things - 1022 01:35:11,539 --> 01:35:15,960 Chewing gum, refrigerator, Cadillac, maybe Boeing airplanes 1023 01:35:22,050 --> 01:35:24,594 He thinks that - 1024 01:35:24,677 --> 01:35:29,432 He said that it was a promise It was made someday. 1025 01:35:34,145 --> 01:35:37,148 He said that it was a promise made by spirit 1026 01:35:37,231 --> 01:35:42,403 Someday, it will be like that America will do all that. 1027 01:35:42,487 --> 01:35:45,698 Does John Frum like God? 1028 01:35:45,782 --> 01:35:47,200 Mm-hmm. 1029 01:35:47,283 --> 01:35:50,286 John Frum is like a god to us. 1030 01:35:50,912 --> 01:35:52,080 One god 1031 01:35:54,040 --> 01:35:55,166 Dan-- 1032 01:35:58,461 --> 01:36:00,964 John Frum is like a god, and it's like-- 1033 01:36:07,929 --> 01:36:11,933 John Frum is like a gate. 1034 01:36:08,016 --> 01:36:16,187 It's like Jesus. You must pass before going to God 1035 01:36:18,064 --> 01:36:20,775 What happens when people die? 1036 01:36:28,950 --> 01:36:32,745 He believes is that when the dead are buried, 1037 01:36:32,829 --> 01:36:34,789 they are in a room... 1038 01:36:36,290 --> 01:36:39,585 waiting for the Last Kingdom 1039 01:36:40,878 --> 01:36:43,798 Will they meet John Frum? in the Last Kingdom? 1040 01:36:51,139 --> 01:36:54,767 So, he thinks that the Last Kingdom, 1041 01:36:54,851 --> 01:36:57,812 John Frum is like a walking person, like Jesus 1042 01:36:57,895 --> 01:37:02,191 In the Last Kingdom, it is estimated that he will look for people. 1043 01:37:03,234 --> 01:37:06,863 The child has a direct meeting with John Frum. 1044 01:37:06,946 --> 01:37:10,533 You then become the leader of this village, John Frum and I understand that you have spent time living in a volcano 1045 01:37:10,616 --> 01:37:14,495 You spend a few nights there. What are you doing, 1046 01:37:14,579 --> 01:37:17,123 and are you talking to John Frum? while you are there 1047 01:37:17,206 --> 01:37:20,668 He answered yes, he was there. 1048 01:37:27,884 --> 01:37:30,720 He stayed there for a full night. 1049 01:37:30,803 --> 01:37:33,514 He once saw someone and he talked to him. 1050 01:37:34,807 --> 01:37:38,519 1051 01:37:39,687 --> 01:37:45,359 We - It is said that John Frum uses volcanoes as portals, 1052 01:37:45,443 --> 01:37:49,655 a door, to travel from Tanna to America. 1053 01:37:49,739 --> 01:37:52,742 Does John Frum live in a volcano? 1054 01:38:06,381 --> 01:38:11,511 He told us that John Frum had a special room where he lived. 1055 01:38:11,594 --> 01:38:15,390 But there is one day we will meet him 1056 01:38:15,473 --> 01:38:18,810 in a different form from someone, like Jesus 1057 01:38:23,648 --> 01:38:25,900 When I was at the volcano... 1058 01:38:26,567 --> 01:38:30,488 I feel amazing to watch, but also quite terrible. 1059 01:38:30,571 --> 01:38:34,492 How do you feel to spend all night? in the crater? 1060 01:38:34,575 --> 01:38:36,577 Are you afraid 1061 01:38:51,300 --> 01:38:54,554 He tells us that when he goes there 1062 01:38:54,637 --> 01:38:56,472 and spend the night, he is not afraid 1063 01:38:56,556 --> 01:38:59,642 because he knows that is God, 1064 01:38:59,725 --> 01:39:04,605 and he is one That allows him to go there. 1065 01:39:12,655 --> 01:39:16,450 So he entered the volcano and he saw him, 1066 01:39:16,534 --> 01:39:19,537 and he speaks to Him. They chat. 1067 01:39:22,290 --> 01:39:25,877 Are you allowed to tell us? what is the talk? 1068 01:39:43,311 --> 01:39:45,855 he doesn't tell his father 1069 01:39:45,938 --> 01:39:49,275 and even his followers followed John Frum. 1070 01:39:49,358 --> 01:39:50,818 That's just for him. 1071 01:39:50,902 --> 01:39:55,114 I am a volcano. Can you not whisper to me in my ear? 1072 01:40:34,987 --> 01:40:38,241 It's hard to divert your eyes from fire 1073 01:40:38,324 --> 01:40:41,369 which burns far below our feet, 1074 01:40:41,452 --> 01:40:46,540 everywhere, under the crust of the earth from continents and sea beds. 1075 01:40:46,624 --> 01:40:49,585 This is a fire that wants to explode, 1076 01:40:49,669 --> 01:40:54,465 and that doesn't matter about what we do here 1077 01:41:02,890 --> 01:41:07,728 This boiling mass is just monumental cleverly 1078 01:41:07,812 --> 01:41:12,275 for cockroaches running around, retarded reptiles 1079 01:41:12,358 --> 01:41:14,819 and savage humans alike. 1080 01:41:18,656 --> 01:41:20,700 When I go there... 1081 01:41:21,742 --> 01:41:26,080 I started walking towards the lava lake. 1082 01:41:27,290 --> 01:41:32,712 I don't think that I will see something like what I see 1083 01:41:33,546 --> 01:41:35,464 And when I look down there... 1084 01:41:37,258 --> 01:41:43,097 I thought I was looking at in sea water 1085 01:41:45,308 --> 01:41:47,018 But the color is red. 1086 01:41:49,103 --> 01:41:50,896 And I don't understand. 1087 01:41:52,857 --> 01:41:58,362 I started thinking about it why there is water there 1088 01:41:58,446 --> 01:42:00,239 and the water is red. 1089 01:42:01,699 --> 01:42:03,326 I don't understand 1090 01:42:06,579 --> 01:42:11,542 I thought it might be this fire 1091 01:42:11,626 --> 01:42:15,379 One day it will come for that sea water. 1092 01:42:17,381 --> 01:42:19,133 So, I'm very scared. 1093 01:42:26,182 --> 01:42:32,021 According to our culture, I think the volcano will... 1094 01:42:32,104 --> 01:42:33,731 will destroy everything 1095 01:42:35,149 --> 01:42:37,026 I believe that. 1096 01:42:39,111 --> 01:42:42,782 Because I heard, from various circles, 1097 01:42:42,865 --> 01:42:48,412 that there is a volcano around the world. 1098 01:42:48,496 --> 01:42:52,667 And I think that, uh... I believe that someday 1099 01:42:52,750 --> 01:42:55,669 This volcano will erupt, 1100 01:42:55,753 --> 01:42:58,631 and those in Lopevi, 1101 01:42:58,714 --> 01:43:01,592 and they will join together and will burn everyone. 1102 01:43:01,675 --> 01:43:03,928 This is what I think. 1103 01:43:04,804 --> 01:43:07,306 I think everything will melt. 1104 01:43:08,307 --> 01:43:09,850 That's what I think. 1105 01:43:11,977 --> 01:43:13,687 Everything will melt. 1106 01:43:15,773 --> 01:43:19,276 Stone, soil... 1107 01:43:20,403 --> 01:43:23,823 trees and so on, will melt. 1108 01:43:25,032 --> 01:43:26,242 Like water. 1109 01:43:31,497 --> 01:43:37,044 So, I believe that this volcano will destroy this world someday.